|
| EAB Monday Poster Session: Odd-Numbered Posters |
| Monday, May 30, 2022 |
| 1:00 PM–2:00 PM |
| Exhibit Level; Exhibit Hall A |
| Chair: Camilo Hurtado-Parrado (Southern Illinois University) |
|
| 7. Use of social networking sites, addiction and delay discounting among three different sites |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Basic Research |
| Luan Silva (Universidade Estadual Paulista), Caroline Zambonato (ETEC Rodrigues de Abreu), FABIO LEYSER GONCALVES (Universidade Estadual Paulista) |
| Discussant: Camilo Hurtado-Parrado (Southern Illinois University) |
| Abstract: The aim of this research was to investigate the use of social networking sites (SNS) and the relation to impulsivity and SNS addiction symptoms. Due to the wide popularity of SNS In the Brazilian population, especially Instagram (IG), Facebook (FB) and Twitter (TW), users were Invited to complete a delay discounting questionnaire, Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), adapted for each SNS, and some questions about their use of SNS. A total of 100 IG, 54 FB and 66 TW users participated. Overall, data suggested no differences between groups on delay discounting K (Kruskal-Wallis =0.6631, p=0.7178), but indicated less dependence symptoms on FB users according to BFAS (p<0.05 according to Dunn's multiple comparison test). Age was found to be a possible confounding variable, as FB users also were found to be older than the other two groups. Small correlations were found between delay discounting K and use of tobacco and alcohol; BFAS and time spent on SNS; and time spent on SNS and tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs use. Stronger correlations were found among tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use. Results are discussed in relation to the differences and similarities between problematic use of SNS and drug dependence. |
| |
|
| 9. Eye-Tracking Analysis: Number of Transitions Between Stimuli in Matching-to-Sample Procedures with Different Number of Meaningful Stimuli |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Basic Research |
| LIVE BRAATEN (Oslo Metropolitan University), Erik Arntzen (Oslo Metropolitan University) |
| Discussant: Camilo Hurtado-Parrado (Southern Illinois University) |
| Abstract: The inclusion of meaningful stimuli in conditional discrimination training has been shown to affect emergent responding in a matching-to-sample format (MTS). However, experiments have usually included one meaningful stimulus together with abstract stimuli in the potential stimulus classes, while few studies have included more than one meaningful stimulus. At the same time, previous experiments have looked at the effect meaningful stimuli have on test accuracy and reaction time. In contrast, no previous studies have looked at the effect meaningful stimuli have on eye movements. The present experiment was set up as a between-group design, and the present analysis seeks to investigate how the inclusion of varying numbers of meaningful stimuli with abstract stimuli would affect participants’ eye movements regarding the number of transitions (movement) between stimuli in both training and test for stimulus equivalence relations. Three groups were taught 12 conditional discriminations, learning three 5-member classes, in a one-to-many training structure. Twenty-nine adults participated in the experiment. Preliminary results show that participants in the group with only abstract stimuli had considerably more transitions between stimuli in test for stimulus equivalence than the other two groups, especially at the beginning of training. |
| |
|
| 11. Previous Experience with Contingencies May Alter Future Schedule Sensitivity in a Computer Game |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Basic Research |
| DEBRA J. SPEAR (South Dakota State University) |
| Discussant: Camilo Hurtado-Parrado (Southern Illinois University) |
| Abstract: Demonstrating schedule sensitivity in human research is difficult. College students completed a three-component game of concurrent FR and FI schedules, with minimal instructions. Participants reported their strategy. Reports of response number, time, schedule type or value, were considered related strategies. All other participants were considered using unrelated strategies. Previous studies suggested students rarely showed sensitivity to an FR or FI in responding or strategy, although there was more sensitivity to FR contingencies. The current study was to determine if more experience might affect sensitivity. In the first session, the FI Group (n=9) went ‘ghost hunting’ under a Mult Conc FI 15 FI 30; FI 30 FI 10; FI 15 FI 30, while the FR Group (n=10) experienced a Mult Conc FR 35 FR 50; FR 50 FR 20; FR 35 FR 50. All experienced the same second session, a Mult Conc FR 35 FI 10; FI 20 FR 50; FR 35 FI 10. Second-session performance was not significantly different under FI or FR with respect to history (MANOVA- F(6,10) =0.8, p=.594), even though reinforcer rates were somewhat different. For those with related strategies, responding was higher with an FR history, although there was no statistical difference (F(6,10)= 0.6, p=.75). |
| |
|
| 15. Comparison of Latency to Correct and Incorrect Responding During Discrete Trial Teaching Using a Virtual Reality System |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Research |
| sabrina olivera (University of Miami), Yuan Fang (University of Miami), Mohamad Hammam Alsafrjalani (University of Miami), Mohamed S Abdel-Mottaleb (University of Miami), YAMNA ZAMAN (University of Miami), Kim Grinfeder (University of Miami), Yanerys Leon (University of Miami), Anibal Gutierrez Jr. (University of Miami) |
| Discussant: Camilo Hurtado-Parrado (Southern Illinois University) |
| Abstract: Virtual reality (VR) is a computer interface used to create a multidimensional environment with multiple sensory channels, including visual, auditory, tactile, and sometimes olfactory perception. VR head-mounted visual display (HMD) systems offer advantages of both contrived and natural environments, creating an interactive and immersive experience for the user. Despite the growing research of VR technology application in various fields, there is little information on the effectiveness of VR for skill acquisition in typically developing adults. One area in particular where VR technology may be helpful is in the area of data collection. An automated data collection system may allow us to access to data that is normally difficult to gain access to in traditional paper and pencil data collection systems, such as latency to response during a discrete trial teaching session. As a result, we taught seven typically developing adults a receptive language DTT task in VR. We analyzed latency to correct and incorrect responses in the VR teaching sessions. Results showed that latency of incorrect responses increases from baseline to teaching trials, and latency of correct responses decreases from baseline to teaching trials. |
| |
|
| 17. Impact of Episodic Future Thinking on Delay Discounting in Individuals Diagnosed with an Eating Disorder |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Basic Research |
| Mary Clark (St. Lawrence University), ADAM E. FOX (St. Lawrence University) |
| Discussant: Camilo Hurtado-Parrado (Southern Illinois University) |
| Abstract: Delay discounting tends to be steeper (i.e. more impulsive) in individuals diagnosed with an eating disorder (ED). Episodic future thinking (EFT) has been used as a method to reduce steep discounting and may be effective in populations diagnosed with EDs. The present experiment utilized a 2 x 2 factorial design to test differences between control participants and participants who self-identified as being diagnosed with an eating disorder, and the impact of EFT within both groups. 164 participants were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk. There were 31 control and 48 ED participants in the No EFT condition; there were 27 control and 58 ED participants in the EFT condition. Area under the curve (AUC) data were analyzed using a 2x2 univariate ANOVA. Results revealed a trend toward a significant impact of EFT to reduce discounting, significantly steeper discounting for ED participants, and no interaction on delay discounting rates. Exploratory analysis of gender revealed differential impacts of EFT on delay discounting rates in females and males. Little research been published on effects of EFT on delay discounting in this population. The implementation of EFT tasks in individuals with EDs may have significant clinical value. |
| |
|
| 19. Effectiveness of DRA and DRO Implemented at 80% Integrity: A Human-Operant Investigation |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Basic Research |
| ZACHARY JOHN MORAIS (Salve Regina University), Alexander Lucas Houchins (West Virginia University ), Stephanie Hope Jones (Salve Regina University), Claire C. St. Peter (West Virginia University) |
| Discussant: Michael Perone (West Virginia University) |
| Abstract: Behavioral interventions are effective at reducing problematic behavior when implemented with high integrity. The extent to which behavioral interventions remain effective when implemented at reduced integrity may depend on the intervention type and integrity level. Even nominally acceptable integrity values may result in increased problematic behavior depending on the programmed intervention. To evaluate this, we conducted a human-operant evaluation of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) and differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) implemented at 80% integrity using a within-subject design. Results suggest that DRO resulted in more consistent response suppression relative to DRA when implemented at 80% integrity. Implications for research and practice are discussed. |
| |
|
| 21. Renewal in a Human-Operant Nonsequential Arrangement |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Basic Research |
| KATHERINE CUCINOTTA (West Virginia University), Kathryn M. Kestner (West Virginia University) |
| Discussant: Michael Perone (West Virginia University) |
| Abstract: In ABA renewal, a target response reemerges upon return to the initial context in which the behavior was reinforced. In ABC renewal, the target response previously reinforced in another context reemerges in a new context. Most laboratory experiments employ a sequential arrangement in which each phase is confined to a single context (i.e., Phase 1 in Context A, Phase 2 in Context B, and Phase 3 in Context A). Nonsequential renewal is an alternative approach in which Contexts A and B alternate in the behavior-reduction phase, which may be more representative of the patterns of context experience in many clinical situations (Sullivan et al., 2018). The purpose of the present experiment was to evaluate renewal of target responding in a nonsequential arrangement with college students in a human-operant arrangement. Target responses were reinforced with points during the baseline phase (Context A). During Phase 2, components alternated between baseline conditions in Context A and extinction of target responses in Context B. In many cases, renewal was observed in the test phase in which the target response remained on extinction in Context A or Context C. Future research should explore renewal-mitigation techniques using nonsequential arrangements due to their similarity to clinical arrangement. |
| |
|
| 23. A Clinical Comparison of ABC and ABA Renewal |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Applied Research |
| KYLEIGH MONTAGUE (Marcus Autism Center), Catherine Williams (Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; Marcus Autism Center; Emory University), Colin S. Muething (Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; Marcus Autism Center; Emory University) |
| Discussant: Michael Perone (West Virginia University) |
| Abstract: Renewal is the relapse of an extinguished response following a context change (e.g., home to clinic to school or home to clinic to home). The purpose of this study was to directly compare ABC and ABA renewal of challenging behavior in a clinical setting with autistic children. Challenging behavior was reinforced in context A (baseline), then an alternative response was differentially reinforced in context B (DRA). Next, DRA remained in place while the participant transitioned to a novel context (C; renewal test). Baseline and DRA were repeated. DRA then remained in place while a renewal test was conducted in context A. ABA renewal was observed with two of the three participants and ABC renewal was not observed with any of the participants. This direct comparison of renewal effects may help clinicians prepare for challenging behavior after the child leaves the clinic and enters new and old contexts. |
| |
|
| 25. Evaluating Impulsivity under Stress and the Influence of Brief Mindfulness |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Basic Research |
| EMILY HERMANN (Missouri State University), Jaelyn Compton (Missouri State University), Grace Tibbs (Missouri State University), Amanda Middleton (Missouri State University), Mamata KC (Missouri State University), Kaylee Liley (Missouri State University), Jordan Belisle (Missouri State University), Dana Paliliunas (Missouri State University) |
| Discussant: Michael Perone (West Virginia University) |
| Abstract: In behavior analysis, momentary impulsivity can be measured using delay discounting measures or Go/No Go (GNG) response sequences. In a GNG arrangement, participants are asked to press a button as quickly as possible when a specific symbol is present and not when any other symbol is present or no symbol is present. Responses that occur in the absence of the target symbol are considered impulsive. Prior research (Paliliunas et al., 2018) demonstrated that a brief mindfulness exercise (5-minutes in duration) could influence momentary impulsivity using a delay discounting measure. We sought to extend this analysis using a GNG procedure. A total of 40 college participants completed the GNG procedure on two occassions. First, the GNG was completed under a simulated stress condition where aversive sounds were randomly presented throughout the procedure. Second, the GNG was completed under a simulated calm condition. The order of the conditions was randomized across the participants. In addition, half of the participants completed the GNG following a brief (5 minute) mindfulness exercise and the other participants listened to a control music sample. Results showed that impulsivity was greater in the stress condition for both groups. In addition, the mindfulness activity appeared to reduce impulsivity in the stress condition compared to the control group. Results have implications for a behavior scientific understanding of mindfulness and interaction of this behavior-behavior strategy with stressful contextual events. |
| |
|
| 27. Investigating the Reinforcing Value of Social Olfactory Stimuli in Rats |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Basic Research |
| JAY HINNENKAMP (Middle Tennessee State University), Annie Galizio (Middle Tennessee State University), Alex Dunthorn (Middle Tennesse State University), Shelby Stephens (Middle Tennessee State University), Bridgette Huckaba (Middle Tennessee State University), Leilani De Ruvo (Middle Tennessee State University), Emma Kassebaum (Middle Tennessee State University), Jordan Latham (Middle Tennessee State University) |
| Discussant: Michael Perone (West Virginia University) |
| Abstract: Stimuli that follow responses and lead to increases in the rates of those responses are classified as reinforcers. Due to the durability and strength of food and water as reinforcers, little research has been conducted to identify alternative stimuli which may also function as reinforcers for nonhumans. Given rodents' keen sense of smell, a plausible stimulus that may function as a reinforcer is odor. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether 4 female Long-Evans rats would nose poke to obtain access to a socially relevant scent when they were not deprived of food or water. During each session, rats were placed in individual operant chambers, each outfitted with an olfactometer connected to two nose-poke apertures on the wall. When a rat placed its nose in the control aperture, the olfactometer delivered a burst of air from an empty jar. When the rat placed its nose in the other aperture, the olfactometer delivered a burst of air from a jar containing bedding from another rat (social scent). Two out of four rats responded more to the social aperture than the control, a preference which persisted even after the positions were reversed. |
| |
|
| 29. Olfactory Stimulus Delivery and Removal System for an Operant Chamber. |
| Area: EAB; Domain: Basic Research |
| SOPHIA BELLE KIRKLAND (University of North Texas), April M. Becker (University of North Texas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center) |
| Discussant: Michael Perone (West Virginia University) |
| Abstract: Scent-based stimuli in operant chambers are difficult to utilize due to the challenge of quickly removing scent completely from the research environment during stimulus-off conditions. This study’s purpose is to validate a customized olfactory delivery apparatus for use in odor discrimination paradigms.
Previous olfactory discrimination apparatuses require the rat to be in a particular position to smell the odorant, restricting responding. Other studies which used wind tunnel designs had no way of allowing the presentation or removal of the odorant to be controlled automatically contingent on rat behavior. A lever-activated delivery apparatus enables more complex experiments involving scent.
The olfactory delivery apparatus functions by using solenoid valves to control the presentation of scented and unscented air into the operant chamber.
This system works by using an air pump that blows scented and unscented air into an operant chamber. When the rat presses a lever, it activates a solenoid valve that switches the delivery between the scented or unscented air. The poster will present validation data demonstrating the capability of discrimination training using the chamber. |
| |
| |