Association for Behavior Analysis International

The Association for Behavior Analysis International® (ABAI) is a nonprofit membership organization with the mission to contribute to the well-being of society by developing, enhancing, and supporting the growth and vitality of the science of behavior analysis through research, education, and practice.

2024 Theory and Philosophy Conference

Program by Day for Monday, October 28, 2024

Noteworthy Activity #1

Opening Remarks

Monday, October 28, 2024

8:00 AM–8:10 AM

The Drake Hotel; Lobby Level; Grand Ballroom

Join us for opening remarks withconference chair, Dr. Hackenberg.

Invited Symposium #8

CE Offered: PSY/BACB

Cluster 1: Symbolic Processes

Monday, October 28, 2024

8:10 AM–12:20 PM

The Drake Hotel; Lobby Level; Grand Ballroom

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

Chair: Carol Pilgrim (University of North Carolina Wilmington)

Discussant: Manish Vaidya (IBSTR)

CE Instructor: Carol Pilgrim, Ph.D.

Abstract:

Symbolic Processes

Instruction Level: Intermediate

Target Audience:

Behavior Analysts

Learning Objectives: At the conclusion of the presentation, participants will be able to: (1) Explain how an analysis of verbal behavior components, rooted in early social development, can account for the phenomena said to reflect “theory of mind.”; (2) Provide an overview of the traditional relational frame approach to human language and cognition; (3) Describe more recent conceptual and empirical developments that have the potential to move RFT analyses into new and exciting areas; (4) Describe the role of automatic reinforcement in language acquisition and how consideration of multiple sources of control over autoclitic frames is central to a behavioral interpretation of grammatical phenomena.

Contacting Leads to Knowing: A Verbal Behaviour Analysis of Theory of Mind

FRANCESCA DEGLI ESPINOSA (ABA Clinic)

Abstract: Theory of Mind is typically used as an umbrella term to refer to, but also to interpret, a collection of responses that involve humans’ ability to explain and predict others’ behaviour based on an understanding of others’ mental states, such as beliefs and desires. Not only is the construct of Theory of Mind universally accepted in the field of psychology, but it has also come to represent a theoretical system from which to explain additional social and cognitive processes in both typical and atypical children and adults, with false-belief tasks becoming its litmus test. Challenging the basic premise that mental states cause behaviour, I will firstly deconstruct false-belief tasks into their individual verbal components. Secondly, I will attempt to answer the question of what it is that we as humans do when we engage in the complex verbal behaviour regarding another person’s behaviour through an analysis of its component controlling repertoires. Rooted in early social responding, I will thirdly provide an account of its development from infancy to early childhood and show how an applied technology can further and validate both a conceptual and experimental analysis of the subject matter.

Francesca gained her undergraduate degree in Psychology from Goldsmith’s College, University of London and her Ph.D. at the University of Southampton, under Prof. Bob Remington. She was the Lead Clinician for the first UK-based EIBI outcome study (Remington et al., 2007) at the University of Southampton and within that context developed the Early Behavioural Intervention Curriculum (EBIC) an intervention framework derived from functional analyses of language to establish generative multiply controlled verbal behaviour, which subsequently formed the principal focus of her Ph.D. Currently, she runs a small diagnostic and assessment clinic in the UK, teaches advanced behaviour analysis in a number of postgraduate programmes in Italy, the UK and the US, and is a member of the Board of Directors of the B.F. Skinner Foundation. Originally schooled in cognitive developmental psychology, Francesca’s academic pursuit is the translation of cognitive and developmental descriptions of key processes in language and childhood development into an analysis of controlling variables, with the aim of deriving a technology to remediate deficits in children with autism. Her clinical and research work focuses on early social responding, generative verbal behaviour and theory of mind.

Back to the Future With Relational Frame Theory (RFT): Is it Now More Kantor Than Skinner?

DERMOT BARNES-HOLMES (Ulster University)

Abstract: The basic idea of relational frame theory, as a behavior analytic account of human language and cognition, was presented almost 40 years ago (Hayes & Brownstein, 1985), and it is approaching a quarter of a century since the publication of the seminal volume (Hayes et al., 2001). In that time, both conceptual and empirical progress has been made. In particular, the last eight or so years have seen a period of intense empirical and conceptual updating of the account (see Barnes-Holmes & Harte, 2022, for a detailed description of some of these updates that are directly relevant to the core thesis of the current presentation). Paradoxically, however, these recent advances appear to be drawing on early and much underplayed features of RFT, including field theoretical (interbehavioral) analyses and concepts, which are assisting in recent RFT-based experimental analyses. Although these analyses are just beginning to evolve, they may have the potential to help move the behavior-analytic study of human language and cognition into new and exciting areas. The current presentation will begin with a brief overview of the “traditional” RFT approach to human language and cognition, thus providing an appropriate context in which to introduce and consider the more recent, field-based, conceptual and empirical developments within the theory.

Dr. Dermot Barnes-Holmes graduated from the University of Ulster in 1985 with a B.Sc. in Psychology and in 1990 with a D.Phil. in behavior analysis. His first tenured position was in the Department of Applied Psychology at University College Cork, where he founded and led the Behavior Analysis and Cognitive Science unit. In 1999 he accepted the foundation professorship in psychology and head-of-department position at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. In 2015 he accepted a life-time senior professorship at Ghent University in Belgium. In 2020 he returned to his alma mater as a full professor at Ulster University. Dr. Barnes-Holmes is known internationally for the analysis of human language and cognition through the development of Relational Frame Theory with Steven C. Hayes, and its application in various psychological settings. He was the world's most prolific author in the experimental analysis of human behaviour between the years 1980 and 1999. He was awarded the Don Hake Translational Research Award in 2012 by the American Psychological Association, is a past president and fellow of the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science, and a fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis, International. He is also a recipient of the Quad-L Lecture Award from the University of New Mexico and became an Odysseus laureate in 2015 when he received an Odysseus Type 1 award from the Flemish Science Foundation in Belgium. In 2024 Professor Barnes-Holmes will receive the Society for the Advancement of Behavior Analysis (SABA) award for the International Dissemination of Behavior Analysis.

A Behavioral Interpretation of English Grammar

DAVID C. PALMER (Smith College)

Abstract: Can the orderly arrangement of words in sentences—grammar—be interpreted in terms of familiar behavioral principles? In the face of the novelty, subtlety, complexity, and speed of acquisition of verbal behavior, this position will remain difficult to defend until the field can show that a representative range of relevant phenomena is within reach of its interpretive tools. Using modern English as a case in point, this talk points to the important role of automatic reinforcement in language acquisition and suggests that the concept of autoclitic frames (e.g., X is taller than Y) is central to a behavioral interpretation of grammatical phenomena. An enduring puzzle facing this interpretation is how stimulus control can shift from term to term in such frames as one speaks, for such permutations of verbal forms are often novel and rapidly emitted. A possible solution to the puzzle is offered by a consideration of contextual cues, prosodic cues, and the stimulus properties of the roles played by the content words that complete the frames. That these roles have discriminable stimulus properties is supported by considering that in Old English such roles directly controlled case inflections that correspond to positions in autoclitic frames.

With undergraduate degrees in geology and English, Dave Palmer knew nothing about behaviorism until he stumbled on Skinner’s Walden Two. He was electrified and soon became a public nuisance trying to persuade all-and-sundry of the merits of a behavioral interpretation of human problems. After a decade of fruitlessly attempting to start an experimental community, he turned to graduate school. He studied inter-response times and conditioned reinforcement in pigeons at the University of Massachusetts under John Donahoe in the early 1980s. Upon graduation, he took a job teaching statistics and behavior analysis at Smith College, from which he retired in 2018. His interests in behavior analysis are broad, but his main contributions have all been attempts to extend Skinner's interpretive accounts of human behavior, particularly in the domains of language, memory, problem solving, and private events. Together with John Donahoe, he authored the text, Learning and Complex Behavior, which attempts to offer a comprehensive biobehavioral account of such phenomena.

Perspectives on Behavioral Complexity Involving Symbolic Processes

MANISH VAIDYA (IBSTR)

Abstract:

Dr. Vaidya’s presentation will offer: 1) analysis of each contribution to this cluster; 2) consideration of the commonalities and differences represented; and 3) discussion of the implications of these for furthering understanding of behavioral complexity involving symbolic processes.

Dr. Manish Vaidya earned his master’s degree with Dr. Sigrid Glenn at the University of North Texas and his doctorate with Dr. Tim Hackenberg at the University of Florida. His experience with these and other foundationally impactful teachers left a deep and long-lasting interest in generative learning and verbal behavior. These interests found partial instantiation in research related to stimulus equivalence and conditional discrimination learning which he had the good fortune to pursue with his students at the University of North Texas. Dr. Vaidya has recently retired from his position as Chair of the Department of Behavior Analysis to pursue his current interest in integrating applied behavior analysis with rehabilitation science to optimize health outcomes for patients. Beginning January 2024, he will serve as the Executive Director of the Institute for Behavior Science and Technology in Rehabilitation (IBSTR).

Noteworthy Activity #3

Lunch Break

Monday, October 28, 2024

12:20 PM–1:50 PM

The Drake Hotel; Lobby Level; Grand Ballroom

Break in sessions for lunch.

Invited Symposium #4

CE Offered: PSY/BACB

Cluster 2: Cultural Systems

Monday, October 28, 2024

1:50 PM–4:50 PM

The Drake Hotel; Lobby Level; Grand Ballroom

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

Chair: Carol Pilgrim (University of North Carolina Wilmington)

CE Instructor: Carol Pilgrim, Ph.D.

Abstract:

Cultural Systems

Instruction Level: Intermediate

Target Audience:

Behavior Analysts

Learning Objectives: At the conclusion of the presentation, participants will be able to: (1) Explain how Darwin’s natural selection and Skinner’s selection by consequences together with cultural selection now represent the prime pillars of evolutionary thought; (2) Describe a contingency-based theory of the origins and evolution of sociocultural phenomena; (3) Discuss how the building blocks of culturo-behavioral science can combine to form the behavioral and cultural complexities that we observe in the world around us.

Unhinging Design From Darwinian and Skinnerian Selection

EDWARD WASSERMAN (University of Iowa)

Abstract: Darwin explained how purposeful and foresightful design could be unhinged from natural selection. Skinner followed suit for selection by reinforcement. These complementary selectionist ideas together with cultural selection now represent the prime pillars of evolutionary thought in biological and behavioral science.

Edward Wasserman received his B.A. from UCLA and his Ph.D. from Indiana University. His only academic home has been The University of Iowa, where he is the Stuit Professor Experimental Psychology. He was President of the Comparative Cognition Society as well as President of Divisions 3 (Experimental Psychology), 6 (Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology), and 25 (Behavior Analysis) of APA. He is a member of the Society of Experimental Psychologists. And, he has received the Hebb Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from Division 6 of APA, the Career Research Award from the Comparative Cognition Society, the Distinguished Contributions to Basic Behavioral Research Award from Division 25 of APA, and the Gantt Medal from the Pavlovian Society. He has edited four volumes, including the Oxford Handbook of Comparative Cognition, and he has recently authored, As if by Design: How Creative Behaviors Really Evolve. Wasserman has published extensively in the areas of comparative cognition and perception with support from NSF, NIMH, NEI, NICHD, and HFSP.

Behavior and Cumulative Cultural Evolution

SIGRID S. GLENN (University of North Texas), MARIA MALOTT (Association for Behavior Analysis International)

Abstract:

Cultural evolutionary theory has been approached from writers in numerous disciplines who often draw from literature both within and outside their own disciplines. Although virtually all the writers view behavior as fundamental to cultural evolution, the function of behavioral contingencies is reliably neglected. A subset of this interdisciplinary work has focused on cumulative cultural evolution, which features the cultural environment more prominently than has been typical. Here we offer a first approximation of a contingency-based theory on the origins and evolution of sociocultural phenomena. We propose that this behavioral approach adds a missing dimension to the earlier interdisciplinary work. We also address topics such as the origin and evolution of cultural organization, which have rarely been tackled in this literature.

Sigrid Glenn is Regents Professor Emeritus at the University of North Texas. Her published work includes four books, 60+ articles and six book chapters on experimental, conceptual and applied topics in behavior analysis and culturo-behavior science. She has served on multiple publication boards and as editor of The Behavior Analyst (1988-1989). As founding chair of the Department of Behavior Analysis at the University of North Texas, Dr. Glenn established master's and bachelor's degree programs in behavior analysis, leading the faculty in the first accreditation of a graduate program by ABAI. She is a founding fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis and a fellow of the American Psychological Association. Awards from students and colleagues include the 2015 SABA Award for Distinguished Service to Behavior Analysis, TxABA’s 2011 Award for Career Contributions in Behavior Analysis and its 2015 Award for Pioneers of Behavior Analysis in Texas; and awards from the University of North Texas, Cal ABA, the Behavior Analysis Certification Board, and the Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies. Students at UNT named her Honor Professor in 1987 and ABAI student committee gave her Outstanding Mentorship Award in 2008. Dr. Glenn served as president of Texas Association for Behavior Analysis in 1992 and President of the Association for Behavior Analysis International in 1994.

Dr. Maria E. Malott has served as consultant for a variety of businesses in service, retail, manufacturing, education, government, and others. In all this work, she has combined systems analysis with the analysis of individual behavior. Since 1993, Dr. Malott has served as Executive Director/CEO of the Association for Behavior Analysis International. She has used organizational behavior management to improve every aspect of the operation of ABAI, which now serves more than 7,000 members and is the parent organization for nearly 100 affiliated chapters. Dr. Malott has served as an affiliate faculty several universities in the United States and Mexico. She published over 40 peer review publications and nearly 100 newsletter articles. She has made over 300 presentations in 22 countries, including lectures and seminars in 37 universities around the world. She is a fellow of ABAI and was the recipient of the 2003 Award for International Dissemination of Behavior Analysis, the 2004 Award for Outstanding Achievement in Organizational Behavior Management, and the 2012 Award for Distinguished Service to Behavior Analysis. She also received the 2002 Outstanding Alumni Award from the Department of Psychology at Western Michigan University

Discussant: Perspectives on Behavioral Complexity From Cultural Systems Analysis

JONATHAN KRISPIN (Valdosta State University)

Abstract:

Dr. Krispin’s presentation will offer: 1) analysis of each contribution to this cluster; 2) consideration of the commonalities and differences represented; and 3) discussion of the implications of these for furthering understanding of behavioral complexity in cultural systems.

Jonathan Krispin is Associate Professor of Management, joining the Langdale College of Business at Valdosta State University in January, 2013, returning to academics after a 17-year career in the private sector. His research interests are primarily in the areas of organizational culture, business process improvement, organizational change and adaptation, and leadership development. After completing his Ph.D. in Social and Organizational Psychology from Temple University in Philadelphia, PA in 1997, Jonathan joined the Prestolite Wire Corporation, a Tier One Supplier in the Automotive Industry. While there, he led the effort to implement a leadership and process improvement process that resulted in a 20% productivity improvement, and commensurate improvements in quality and safety. Based on these and other achievements, the plant was awarded the Georgia Oglethorpe Award for Organizational Excellence (based on the Malcolm Baldrige Award Criteria) in 2000 by the Governor of Georgia. In 2002, Jonathan joined Heatcraft Worldwide Refrigeration, the commercial refrigeration division of Lennox International. In 2004, while he was Acting Director of Operations for the Tifton manufacturing plant, the Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education recognized the facility he led as the mid-sized Manufacturer of the Year. Jonathan continued at Heatcraft in several positions of increasing responsibility, including roles as a Master Blackbelt in the Lennox LeanSigma program, and then as Global Operations Leader for Marketing and Product Development, coordinating efforts across operations in North America, South America, Europe, China and Australia. In 2008, Jonathan joined Pinnacle Prime Contractors in Valdosta, GA, first as Vice President for Human Resources, then Vice President of Operations, and finally as Executive Vice President, a role in which he continued until leaving the company to return to academics. Since returning to academics, Jonathan has focused his writing and research efforts on joining concepts from behavior analysis with concepts from systems analysis, particularly from theory related to self-organizing systems. This has led to several publications in Behavior and Social Issues and Perspectives on Behavior Science. He has presented at numerous conferences including numerous ABAI Annual Conventions, the ABAI International Conferences in Paris and Stockholm, as an invited speaker at the Culturo-Behavior Science for a Better World Conference sponsored by ABAI in 2020, and as an invited speaker at the 12th Annual European Conference on Behavior-Based Safety and Performance Management hosted by AARBA (the Italian Chapter of ABAI) in Como, Italy in 2018. He serves on the editorial board of Behavior and Social Issues. He has also been a guest lecturer at Oslo Metropolitan University, instructing in their Master’s in Behavior Analysis (formerly Learning and Complex Systems) program since 2018.

Invited Panel #5

CE Offered: BACB

The Role of Theory and Philosophy in Today's Graduate Training Programs

Monday, October 28, 2024

5:00 PM–5:50 PM

The Drake Hotel; Lobby Level; Grand Ballroom

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

Chair: Carol Pilgrim (University of North Carolina Wilmington)

CE Instructor: Carol Pilgrim, Ph.D.

Panelists: LOUISE BARRETT (University of Lethbridge), DAVID J. COX (RethinkFirst; Endicott College), DERMOT BARNES-HOLMES (Ulster University)

Abstract:

A discussion on the role of theory and philosophy in graduate training programs.

Instruction Level: Intermediate

Target Audience:

Behavior Analysts

Learning Objectives: At the conclusion of the presentation, participants will be able to: (1) Discuss the current state of training in theory and philosophy in graduate programs in the U.S. and abroad; (2) Discuss the contributions of training in theory and philosophy to effective preparation of our students and graduates; (3) Discuss potential challenges to incorporating theory and philosophy training in programs today and strategies for overcoming such challenges.

LOUISE BARRETT (University of Lethbridge)

Louise Barrett is Professor of Psychology, and Canada Research Chair in Cognition, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge. She was educated at University College London, UK, and has a degree in Ecology and a PhD in Biological Anthropology. Her research programme centres on the issue of how ecology shapes patterns of social and cognitive evolution. To this end, she has conducted a number of long-term studies of non-human primates in South Africa. In addition, she also works on culture and biology intersect to influence human behaviour, along with aspects of philosophy of mind and cognition.

DAVID J. COX (RethinkFirst; Endicott College)

Dr. David J. Cox, Ph.D., M.S.B., BCBA-D has been a behavior science junky since 2004. Scratching that itch led to a PhD in Behavior Analysis from the University of Florida and Post-Doctoral Training in Behavioral Pharmacology and Behavioral Economics from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. David gets into random things and so has also picked up a M.S. in Bioethics from Union Graduate College and Post-Doctoral Training in Data Science through the Insight! Data Science Fellows program. David's interest in computational modeling originated after watching The Matrix as a kid, however, it took a more serious, academic turn after seeing Ex Machina in 2014 and realizing the conceptual similarities between artificial intelligence and behavior analysis. Since then, his research and applied work has focused on leveraging technology, quantitative modeling, and artificial intelligence to understand the behavioral processes of decision-making so as to ethically optimize behavioral health outcomes and clinical decision-making. Based on individual and collaborative work, Dr. Cox has published 50+ peer-reviewed articles, four books, and 165+ presentations at scientific conferences.

DERMOT BARNES-HOLMES (Ulster University)

Poster Session #6

Poster Session

Monday, October 28, 2024

6:00 PM–7:30 PM

The Drake Hotel; Lobby Level; Walton Room

1. Evaluating Preferences for Effort: The Working Smarter, Not Harder Fallacy

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

CHIVON NIZIOLEK (The Chicago School, College of Professional and Graduate Studies), Julie A. Ackerlund Brandt (The Chicago School; Yellow Brick Academy), Rocco G Catrone (The Chicago School Professional Psychology)

Abstract: Previous behavior analytic research has shown that effort is generally not preferred and has similar properties to punishment in terms of decreasing behavior (e.g., Chung, 1965). However, there is previous research to suggest that organisms may prefer more effortful contexts over less effort (Clement et al., 2000). Within trial contrast is a conceptual model that describes the increased preference for stimuli that follow aversive events compared to stimuli that follow less aversive events and has been observed in both humans and non-human organisms (Meindl, 2012). Some possible explanations for these findings include the delay reduction hypothesis (Fatino & Abara, 1985; Zentall & Singer 2007; Zentall, 2013), motivating operations (Meindl, 2012), or a fourth type of contrast (Zentall, 2013). This study evaluated preferences for effort and compared low and high-effort contexts, further evaluating previous research on within-trial contrast. Twenty-one participants (18 years or older) participated in the study. The results of this study have shown that the majority of participants preferred stimuli following both higher-effort contexts (i.e., S+ and S- high-effort stimuli; p = 0.0284; p = 0.02 respectively) compared to stimuli following less effortful trials. It remains unclear which explanation for the observed effects can explain the preferences for effort. However, this study adds to a small body of research evaluating this phenomenon. Future research is needed to better conceptualize the underlying behavioral processes that account for a preference for higher effort.

2. Two Theories of Punishment

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

SOMCHART SAKULKOO (TrueNorth Educational Cooperative 804; The Chicago School of Professional Psychology), Shannon Ormandy (The Chicago School), Karen M. Lionello-DeNolf (Assumption University)

Abstract: Punishment has a research history as extensive as reinforcement. While the current number of published articles on punishment is significantly fewer than those on reinforcement, punishment theories have evolved through philosophical doubt and empirical evidence. Two main theories explain the mechanism of punishment: the symmetrical and asymmetrical law of effect (Thorndike, 1913, 1932), or in more contemporary terms, the competitive-suppression model and the direct-suppression model (Critchfield et al., 2003). Two-factor theorists (e.g., Estes & Skinner, 1941; Skinner, 1938, 1953, 1957; Thorndike, 1932) posit that punishment occurs through a combination of respondent and operant conditioning processes. In contrast, one-factor theorists (e.g., Azrin & Holz, 1966; Thorndike, 1913) argue that the suppression of a response results from the contingent delivery of the punisher on the response. Despite more recent research on punishment mechanisms (e.g., Critchfield et al., 2003; de Villiers, 1980; Klapes et al., 2018; Lei & Alsop, 2009; Rasmussen & Newland, 2008), it remains unclear which theory can conclusively explain how punishment suppresses behavior. Reexamining the strengths and limitations of these theories potentially provides insights into different perspectives that could contribute to contemporary views on stimulus control by punishment, thereby enhancing understanding of the complexities involved in behavior suppression.

3. Evaluating Experts’ Consensus on Behavioral Principles

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

AMALIX M FLORES (University of South Florida), Raymond G. Miltenberger (University of South Florida)

Abstract: Over the history of our field, scholars have emphasized the importance that behavioral principles play in ABA, underlining their position as the foundation on which the field is built. Therefore, behavior analysts must comprehend behavioral principles to be conceptually systematic, starting with understanding what constitutes a behavioral principle and which are. Although one might assume that the behavioral analytical literature clearly identifies a set of basic principles that define our field, there is no generally agreed-upon list. This study aimed to get consensus from doctoral-level behavior analysts on what they viewed as the basic principles of behavior analysis. We created a list of terms from behavior analysis texts and surveyed respondents to identify whether each term constituted a basic principle or a behavioral procedure. The results suggest that there is no good consensus on what constitutes behavioral principles among doctoral-level behavior analysts who completed the survey and that there may be differences in the views of faculty and nonfaculty behavior analysts. Potential contributing factors to these results are discussed. This survey study constitutes a first step in focusing behavior analysts on this important topic and starting a discussion that could further clarify the principles that define our field.

4. The Role of Mass Media and Social Media in Perspective-Taking: A Behavior-Analytic Interpretation

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

TANYA HOUGH (The Chicago School of Professional Psychology), Jack Spear (The Chicago School)

Abstract: Cultural evolution is based on variations in contingencies in the natural environment, such as the employment of mass media and social media. Cultural events and experiences have a powerful impact in shaping a person or population's perspective. Perspective taking is a skill that is shaped over time by one’s history and culture and is influenced by contextual and environmental factors, as well as natural contingencies and schedules of reinforcement and punishment. The role of mass media and evolution of social media influence how information is presented and received within a given population, which is also influenced by narratives. Narratives are tools used to influence public and private opinion, and have been employed by social and mass media, and influence perspective taking. This paper provides a contextual behavior analytic perspective on the impact of mass media and social media on the value and development of perspective-taking skills, and further explores the impact of social media on the value and development of perspective taking skills.

5. Are Machines Thinking and Talking? Incorporating Relational Frame Theory in the Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

LAUREN ROSE HUTCHISON (Missouri State University ), Albert Malkin (Western University), Allison Kretschmer (Progressive Behaviour Solutions/Western University)

Abstract: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as Chat GPT, function as a chatbot where users can enter queries and receive a response in real time. These tools utilize AI algorithms to process and generate natural language. Notably, these chatbots generate knowledge based on patterns of data from large data sets in which they were trained with. Relational frame theory provides an explanation of how humans acquire and produce complex language, specifically through direct reinforcement and derived relational responding. The PEAK Relational Training System is a curriculum that has been used to teach derived relational responding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of various generative AI chatbots on programs from the PEAK Equivalence and Transformation modules. For this study, no feedback was provided to any of the responses provided by AI. Preliminary results indicate that Chat GPT-4 and Perplexity are capable of deriving equivalence relations in the context of coordination (100% correct across 240 trials) and are less capable of deriving complex relations (55.41% correct across 240 trials). Implications for how AI might be used to simulate human language learning will be discussed, as well as generative AI’s ability to engage in complex language.

6. Extending the Field: Characterizing the Functional Quality of Interbehavioral Field Configurations Using the Appetitive/Aversive Spectrum

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

MATTHEW DAVID ANDERSLAND (The University of Memphis), Abbey Warren (Mississippi State University), Louisiana Contextual Science Research Group LCSRG (Louisiana Contextual Science Research Group), Emily Kennison Sandoz (University of Louisiana Lafayette)

Abstract: Interbehavioral psychology presents a naturalistic approach to the study of interbehavior using the psychological event as the primary unit of analysis. Psychological events are conceptualized through the interbehavioral field construct – an integrated, dynamic field of interactants in which the functional relations between an organism and context are actualized. The present project will outline a contemporary extension of the interbehavioral field construct, the appetitive/aversive spectrum, to further characterize the breadth, flexibility, and inter-sensitivity of functional interrelationships, typically denoted as C, among participants in the interbehavioral field. Field configurations characterized by appetitive functional relations involve functionally broad, flexible, and interactionally sensitive interbehavior. Field configurations characterized by aversive functional relations involve interbehavior that is functionally narrow, inflexible, and interactionally insensitive . The appetitive/aversive characterization of any given interbehavioral field configuration can be applied to observed phenomena described by a range of behavior analytic constructs including aversive stimulus control (Hineline, 1984), conditioned suppression (Estes & Skinner, 1941), behavioral degrees of freedom (Goldiamond, 1974, 1975), and the matching law (Herrnstein, 1974). We propose that the appetitive/aversive characterization adheres to the naturalistic approach espoused by interbehavioral psychology with clear and actionable implications for intervention on interbehavior occurring within varying currents of the behavioral stream.

7. A Pedagogical Guide for Teaching the Behaviorisms

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

EDWARD K. MORRIS (University of Kansas), Bryan Alan Simmons (University of Kansas), Mallory Eddy (University of Kansas), Zi Wang (University of Kansas)

Abstract: Teaching the historical and conceptual foundations of behaviorism is a daunting task because behaviorism is not one point of view. It is many points of view. This poster outlines them in a series of tables organized by behaviorism’s founders and their behaviorisms’ attributes. The founders include (a) the mainstream behaviorists: Guthrie, Hull, Skinner, Tolman, and Watson, (b) a then-contemporary field-theoretic behaviorist: Kantor, (c) proto-behaviorists who preceded them, notably Pavlov and Thorndike, (d) varieties of behavior analysts who succeeded them, including molar behaviorists, functional contextualists, and methodological behavior analysts, and (e) cognitivist psychologists who are methodological behaviorists (e.g., Miller, Neisser, Newell, Simon) Their attributes include their (a) philosophies (e.g., methodological behaviorism, naturalism), (b) behaviorisms (e.g., behaviorism, neobehaviorism), (c) types of behaviorism (e.g., radical, mediational), (d) what they study (e.g., behavior, interbehavior), (e) their subject matter (e.g., behavior, mediators), and (e) their units of analysis (e.g., contingencies, stimulus-organism-response relations). Organizing the tables by the behaviorism’s founders and attributes allows easy, but still complex comparisons and contrasts among them (e.g., their philosophies, types), although some need elaboration (e.g., types of methodological behaviorism) and nuance (e.g., changes in them over time). Overall, the tables offer a guide for teaching the behaviorisms.

8. Building a Field-Based Analysis of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP)

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

COLIN HARTE (Universidade Federal de São Carlos ), Dermot Barnes-Holmes (Ulster University)

Abstract: Relational frame theory (RFT) as a behavior-analytic approach to understanding human language and cognition is now over 40 years old. However, the last eight years have seen a relatively intense period of empirical and conceptual developments within the theory. Some of this work has begun to draw on early and much underplayed features of RFT, including field theoretical analyses and concepts. Given that these analyses are relatively nascent, the current work seeks to explore a field-theoretical analysis of a specific RFT research program. Specifically, we will consider how the differential arbitrarily applicable relational responding effects (DAARRE) model (a model for interpreting patterns of effects produced on the implicit relational assessment procedure; IRAP) might be viewed through the lens of Kantor’s formula for the interbehavioral psychological event. The DAARRE model and IRAP will first be presented, as well as the elements involved in Kantor’s formula, PE = C (k, sf, rf, st, md, hi). The poster will then suggest how each of Kantor’s elements of the psychological event may be used to build an interbehavioral, field-based view of a DAARRE model analysis. Implications for the analysis of increasingly complex forms of human language and cognition will be considered.

9. Functional Assessment of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Related Stereotypy

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

SAMANTHA CAMACHO (Turning Pointe Autism Foundation ), Natalie Andzik (Northern Illinois University ), Stephen F. Walker (St. Cloud State University ), Cassandra O'Hara (University of Florida)

Abstract: The presenters will discuss the current shortage of research focusing on stereotypy specific to the use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) systems, with only one study that includes a systematic assessment and treatment evaluation (Cook et. al 2017). The presenters will discuss functional assessments of AAC-related stereotypy displayed by three individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, including the need to individualize both definitions of AAC-related stereotypy and specific stimuli present or absent within the assessment conditions. The presenters will discuss their initial findings, which suggest that AAC-related stereotypy is often automatically reinforced, but its occurrence can be sensitive to the presence/absence of specific environmental stimuli. They will discuss the occurrence of problem behavior within a demand condition that does not respond to extinction, and the implications of this type of problem behavior. Additionally, the presenters will emphasize the need to determine social validity, as we discovered that although present, AAC-related stereotypy may not affect an individual’s ability to engage in academic tasks, social interactions, leisure, or independently and functionally communicate. As such, the presenters will encourage researchers and practitioners to continue investigating if AAC-related stereotypy affects the individual’s day-to-day activities before considering an intervention to minimize the occurrence.

10. Skinner the Anarchist? Connections Between Walden Two and The Conquest of Bread

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

THOM RATKOS (Berry College), Helen Alexander (Berry College)

Abstract: Skinner's Walden Two imagined a community resulting from experimentation and the application of principles of behavior to engineer a new, better way of living. Peter Kropokin (1842-1921), a Russian anarchist, wrote The Conquest of Bread, a revolutionary plan for a society which would replace exploitation and oppression with a meaningful existence and freedom for all. Examining Kropokin’s words as behaviorists, we must acknowledge that the descriptions of Walden’s practices and their value have numerous, profound parallels to a world organized around an Anarcho-Communist ideology. Special attention will be given to how both systems provide the necessities of life, restructure labor, and foster a vibrant community. Furthermore, we will demonstrate how both societies allow for the pursuit of science and leisure, which can, as Kropotkin writes: “satisfy all [our] intellectual and artistic needs.” This poster will use summaries as well as direct quotations of both works, demonstrating how amenable Kropotkin’s vision is to a radical behaviorist worldview.

11. Gendered Differences in Social Discounting of Pain

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

KIAH KRAMER (University of Florida), Jesse Dallery (University of Florida)

Abstract: “Impatience” can be formalized as a steep delay discount rate, describing how the subjective value of a reward decreases as it is delayed. Similarly, “selfishness” can be formalized as a steep social discount rate, describing how the subjective value of rewarding another person decreases with increasing social distance. Building on this conceptual framework, this study serves as both a replication and extension of the seminal research conducted by Story et al. (2020), which investigated the phenomena of social and delay discounting in the context of pain. Our research specifically examines the role of gender in modulating the rates at which individuals discount the pain of others over time and across varying levels of social distance. Incorporating a sample of university-aged participants, our study explores how the gender of both the participant and the recipient of pain influences these discounting rates. Through a series of controlled experiments, we assessed participants' choices regarding hypothetical pain scenarios, considering their own pain and that of others with differing degrees of social proximity and delay across gender identity. Our findings illuminate differences in the perception and valuation of pain, highlighting the complex interplay between gender identity, social distance, and pain discounting behaviors. These disparities suggest that societal norms and gender roles shape empathetic concern for pain in others. The implications of our research extend beyond theoretical insights, offering practical considerations for pain management strategies and social support mechanisms that are sensitive to gender and cultural nuances.

13. Continuum of Control: Reframing Skinner's Verbal Operants From Categorical to Continuous

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

MARIA JOSE OTERO (Cook Children's Child Study Center; University of North Texas), Alonzo Alfredo Andrews (The University of Texas at San Antonio), Lee Mason (Cook Children's Child Study Center)

Abstract: The functional analysis of complex verbal behavior requires an evaluation of topographically similar responses under converging sources of control. We provide a conceptual analysis of multiple control as a continuum along which stimuli range from formal to thematic. Acknowledging that pure sources of control over verbal behavior are rare outside of laboratory settings, we present extraverbal control as a continuum ranging from tact to mand, and intraverbal control as a continuum ranging from echoic to sequelic. We explain how the intersection of these stimulus fields yields a multiaxial radar chart to compare the relative performance distributions of these four controlling relations. In addition to visual analyses, radar charts create unique polygonal profiles that allow for quantitative comparisons using shape descriptors. We employed repeated measures to map the language development of a child with autism spectrum disorder across two years of early intensive behavioral intervention. We also compared the polygonal language profiles of children with autism against those of typically developing peers. Extending a multidimensional analysis to the field of verbal behavior provides the basis for a language growth chart that researchers and clinicians can use to monitor language acquisition over time.

14. Interbehavioral Alternatives to Metacontingency Models, Pt. 1: Sociocultural Interactions as Referential Events

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

Will Fleming (McNeese State University), JAMIIKA THOMAS (University of Nevada, Reno), Linda J. Parrott Hayes (University of Nevada, Reno)

Abstract: Culturo-behavior science is dominated by causal thinking. This is not necessarily problematic, but it is not valid when viewing sociocultural relations from an interbehavioral perspective. So far, the only major interbehavioral sub-enterprise within culturo-behavior science is that based on the elaborated metacontingency model. However, the intermixing of integrated field and causal contingency logics within the EMM is not consistent with contemporary interbehavioral thinking, leaving culturo-behavior science without a completely interbehaviorally-consistent framework for understanding sociocultural relations. The purpose of this poster is to describe how one can think about sociocultural relations interbehaviorally in terms of referential events. In doing so, we will address (1) the cultural nature of referential events, (2) how to translate interlocking behavioral contingencies into integrated fields comprising two or more people interacting with respect to the same referent, and (3) the advantages of developing a culturo-behavior science that is inclusive of interbehavioral thinking. In the spirit of diversifying thought within culturo-behavior science, we hope to demonstrate the utility of interbehaviorism for understanding complex sociocultural events that are restricted when only considered through a causal lens.

15. The Analysis of Crime Forensic Behavioral Case Conceptualization

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

TIMOTHY TEMPLIN (Hoosier ABA), Kodey Lai (CrimeandBehavior.Com), Presley Wanner (Anne Carlsen Center)

Abstract: Criminal cases can be reviewed within a behavior analytic lens to determine a conceptualization of the delinquent acts as well as hypothesized functions. This poster covers the value and purpose of forensic case conceptualization. The Crime and Behavior Analysis Academy is an organization providing workshops and online trainings in forensic case conceptualization. The behavioral forensic model relies on evidence, antecedent properties, setting events, suspect data, response variables (history, physiology, circumstances) and consequence properties for an understanding of the functions in criminal cases. This model is based on the work of Wright & Truax (2008) and assists in the process of analyzing: 1) What happened (based on observable behaviors or permanent product data); 2) Why did it happen; 3) What can be done now (treatment interventions). This kind of information is useful for correctional work, rehabilitation, probation/parole and juvenile settings. Wright, S., & Truax, P. (2008). Behavioral conceptualization. In M. Hersen & J. Rosqvist (Eds.), Handbook of psychological assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment, Vol. 1. Adults (pp. 48–75). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

16. Large Language Models Do Not (Yet) Display Verbal Behavior

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

JAVIER SOTOMAYOR (Endicott College & Habita), David J. Cox (Endicott College; RethinkFirst)

Abstract: The field of verbal behavior aims to understand human language, cognition, and communication through a behavioral lens. Although verbal behavior is not fundamentally different from other types of behavior, its definition has been useful in distinguishing between human interactions and the interactions of non-human organisms. But, with the field of artificial intelligence (AI) advancing rapidly, large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT behave in ways that increasingly resemble human verbal behavior, perhaps, in ways that are almost indistinguishable from it. But do modern LLMs display verbal behavior or are they simply “stochastic parrots”? This poster attempts to answer this question via a conceptual analysis of the behavior of LLMs. Specifically, we attempt to answer this question by integrating (1) the definitions of verbal behavior within the field of behavior analysis, (2) the Total Turing Test, and (3) knowledge of how LLMs work. Based on our analysis, we claim that LLMs do not (yet) display verbal behavior.

17. The Applicability of Assent: Treatment Variables and Limitations

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

HALLE APELGREN (Judge Rotenberg Center ), John O'Neill (Judge Rotenberg Educational Center)

Abstract: Behavior analysts are obligated to consider “obtaining assent from clients when applicable” as dictated by the ethics code - section 2.11 (BACB, 2020). Assent is broadly thought of as client agreement or approval of treatment procedures. The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (2018) are federal regulations for all researchers working with human research participants. Within these regulations it states that the IRB will determine if children are capable of assent by considering their age, maturity and psychological state and lists conditions under which assent will be waived. In medicine, the American Academy of Pediatrics provides recommendations and guidelines for obtaining assent when treating child patients. However, in behavior analysis, there is limited research describing assent procedures or studying the implications for treatment outcomes (Morris, Detrick, & Peterson, 2021). To address this gap, an assessment tool, the Behavioral Assent to Treatment Scale (BATS), will be proposed that weighs factors such as safety, risk/benefit analysis, behavioral dimensions, socially significant goals, essential/nonessential treatment progress, and legal obligations. The purpose of this tool will be to aid behavior analysts in clinical decisions regarding the applicability of assent by providing a rationale for honoring or not honoring client assent withdrawal.

18. The Refractory Behavior Index (RBI): An Evaluative Tool for Persistent Behavior Problems

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

LYNDE KAYSER (Judge Rotenberg Education Center), Jessica Lindsay (Judge Rotenberg Educational Center ), Nathan Blenkush (Judge Rotenberg Educational Center), John O'Neill (Judge Rotenberg Educational Center)

Abstract: Over the last several years, behavior analytic journals have included increased reference to persistent behavior problems as treatment refractory or treatment resistant (Hagopian et al., 2018; Rooker et al., 2022; Wunderlich et al., 2022). However, these terms continue to lack an operational definition and thereby remain subjective. We propose the development of an objective definition of treatment refractory in behavior analysis, the identification of criteria for consideration in the recognition of treatment refractory behavior problems, and the adoption of a comprehensive rating scale intended to assess the development of treatment refractory behavior. The Refractory Behavior Index (RBI) is an assessment and evaluation tool used to identify behavioral resistance to treatment. This poster will outline factors contributing to the development of treatment refractory behavior across the lifespan, share preliminary data on the ability of this tool to detect treatment refractory behavior problems, and display case study exemplars highlighting a range of behavioral presentations.

19. Transformative Education for Perpetrators: Fostering Empathy, Emotion Management, and Impulse Control in Men with a History of Domestic Violence

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

WANDA JEAN HABY (State University of New York Plattsburgh)

Abstract: This research project investigates the transformative potential of educational programs for men with a history of domestic violence, focusing on enhancing empathy, emotion management, and impulse control. The study seeks to assess the efficacy of existing interventions by employing a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative measures and qualitative insights. Through pre and post-program assessments and participant interviews, we aim to understand the nuanced experiences of individuals undergoing rehabilitation. Our objectives include examining the role of empathy-building exercises in fostering a deeper understanding of others' emotions, evaluating the impact of emotion management strategies on reducing aggressive behaviors, and exploring the incorporation of impulse control training to prevent impulsive violent actions. Additionally, the research aims to assess the sustainability of behavioral changes post-program completion, offering insights into the factors influencing long-term success. This research holds significance for academia and practitioners in psychology, social work, and criminology, contributing valuable knowledge to the field of behavioral rehabilitation. With complexities of behavioral change within a group setting, a targeted and effective program ultimately aids in the broader mission of breaking the cycle of domestic violence and fostering lasting positive transformation.

20. Countercontrol in Residential Treatment Settings: A Tutorial for Providers

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

JOSEPH TACOSIK (Judge Rotenberg Education Center), John O'Neill (Judge Rotenberg Educational Center)

Abstract: B. F. Skinner described countercontrol as a response to socially mediated aversive consequences in personal, group, governmental, religious, therapeutic, economic, and educational environments that are primarily reinforced through negative reinforcement (i.e., removal or weakening of aversive stimuli) and may be strengthened through positive reinforcement (e.g., peer approval or other attention). Residential treatment settings are inherently restrictive, potentially aversive to consumers, and thus may evoke countercontrol by clients, especially when assent/consent is withheld or provided by someone other than the individual receiving treatment (e.g., a guardian). We provide insights specific to challenges presented by countercontrol in residential treatment settings to include the following: (1) the potential for false-positive functional hypothesis results; (2) the limited control of setting events; (3) the idiosyncratic nature of conditioned aversive stimuli; (4) the various competing contingencies of reinforcement; (5) associated delayed consequences that complicate treatment; and (6) the general insensitivity of rule-governed behavior in relation to the effects of countercontrol. We conclude with clinical case examples of countercontrol and propose a standard set of considerations for residential treatment facilities.

21. Context: A Psychological Conceptualization

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

MATTHEW LEWON (University of Nevada, Reno), Timothy C. Fuller (Central Reach), Linda J. Parrott Hayes (University of Nevada, Reno)

Abstract: In common use, the term context describes a) features of a situation that clarify the “meaning” of verbal utterances and b) features of the setting/situation in which some thing/event occurs or exists. Both uses of the term are relevant to psychological phenomena, and many philosophical approaches to the analysis of psychological events invoke the concept as critical to understanding behavior. Behavioristic approaches to describing psychological events have become increasingly “contextualistic” in that they acknowledge the relationship of behavior to a broadening range of things/events. The concept is also prominent in post-Skinnerian behaviorism (e.g., functional contextualism) and in contemporary accounts of the reoccurrence of behavior following extinction procedures. As the scientific situations in which the term context is used expands, it is at risk of becoming meaningless, either due to it referring to everything/anything, or referring to nothing suitable for scientific work. The purpose of this presentation is to offer a delimited technical definition of the term within the science of psychology. We suggest that context be defined as a) all of the things/events b) that are interrelated with the behavior of a whole individual/organism c) at any given moment. Implications of this definition will be discussed.

22. Analyzing Organizational Structures and Adverse Effects on Their Populations: A Foucauldian Discourse Analysis

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

ASHLEY MCLEAN (The Freedom Train Project)

Abstract: This research aimed to examine power relations firstly as the dispersion of power within closed system communities and secondly, the structural transformation overtime and how individual agency can be affected by the social corporate pressures and policies. The researcher hypothesized: That an examination of corporate documents would begin to reveal how healthcare and credentialing errors (US government, 2019) had gone unnoticed for a long duration of time and its influence and effects on the closed system population. The methodology: Foucauldian discourse analysis is a qualitative approach that focuses on how discourses (systems of knowledge, language, and practices) shape and regulate a social reality. Foucault argued that discourses are not simply reflections of reality but rather create and construct reality through the regulation of language, knowledge, and practices. This type of discourse analysis emerges from constructivism and critical theory perspectives. It is used to scrutinize text and critique both micro and macro power relations. The researcher used a 6 step method of analysis. The results revealed that certain psychological combinations along with social influence techniques, call to action language and persuasion can have an enormous impact on the social and cultural norms of a community. These dynamics underscore the intricate interplay between discourse, power, and individual agency within organizational contexts. By elucidating the ways in which language and power operate to shape behaviors and beliefs this use of a Foucauldian discourse analysis offered insights into the mechanisms through which an organizational structure perpetuate and reinforce dominant ideologies within organizational settings, shedding light on the complexities inherent in navigating and challenging established systems of authority and control.

23. Interbehavioral Alternatives to Metacontingency Models, Pt. 2: Sociocultural Interactions as Shared Orientations

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

WILL FLEMING (McNeese State University)

Abstract: If one critically analyses culturo-behavior science, one recognizes that most of its underling logic is molecular. The metacontingency, arguably the most fundamental construct of culturo-behavior science, was built on the premise that events selective of cultural organization are too far removed to function as reinforcers for the behavior of individuals participating in organized entities. Since then, molar thinking affords an understanding of how events can be related to temporally-remote bouts of behavior when both are conceptualized as participating elements within covarying patterns. Theory within culturo-behavior science has not only developed largely without incorporating molar logic consistently but also without a coherent interbehavioral sub-enterprise, let alone one that itself can account for molar order and organization. The purpose of this poster is to describe how one can think about sociocultural relations in terms of orientationalism, an emerging framework that combines interbehavioral and molar thinking with explicit, formalized postulates to describe relations between patterns involving the interactions of multiple organisms as integrated fields. In doing so, I will not only describe how orientationalism can be used to construct experiments on sociocultural relations in an interbehavioral way but how the logic can be used to systematize behavior science.

24. Contributions of Behavioral Systems Analysis to Understanding of Models of Corruption Control

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

Marília Pacheco Almeida (Universidade de Brasilia), LUIZA FREITAS FREITAS CALDAS (Universidade de Brasília, Oslo Metropolitan University), Bruna Maria Barbosa da Silva França (Universidade de Brasilia), Laércia Abreu Vasconcelos (Universidade de Brasília (UnB)), Ingunn Sandaker (Oslo Metropolitan University/ OsloMet)

Abstract: Poverty reduction and prosperity sharing are among the goals of international institutions for promoting sustainable development. One obstacle to achieving this goal is the spread of corruption. Concerns about fighting corruption have been prevalent worldwide, and different practices have been implemented to exhaust or mitigate this problem. This study combines the Behavioral Systems Analysis (BSA) literature, Behavior Analysis (BA) basic principles, and the Total Performance System (TPS) conceptual tool to understand better how anti-corruption agencies, which are described as role models, have acted in the face of corruption. More specifically, it highlights how the World Bank Group’s Sanctions System and the National Disciplinary Board of the Brazilian Office of the Comptroller General can offer contributions to international organizations, banks, and public institutions in developing efficient and effective systems for corruption mitigation. In addition to the practical contributions learned through the analysis of the anti-corruption agencies’ behavioral systems, this research proposes adding the Institutional Multiplicity term to ASC's and TPS’ literature and the concept of Hypercycles to the studies on corruption mitigation.

25. About Behaviourism – Experiences From a UK Masters Programme

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

MILLICENT BLANDFORD-ELLIOTT (Bangor University), J. Carl Hughes (Bangor University)

Abstract: This poster explores how students have shaped our behaviour as lectures when teaching Radical Behaviourism and the science of Behaviour Analysis. The philosophical underpinnings and Behaviour Analysis as a science module was first introduced to the Bangor University Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) programme in 2020. Traditionally these ideas have always been taught as lectures in other modules within this MSc. This was the first year that the philosophy and theory of the science were taught in a module in its own right. The module is in its fourth year and the content taught, the sources considered, and order in which ideas are presented have changed throughout this time in response to the contingencies within a UK specific teaching and learning environment. A consideration of the importance of an understanding of Radical Behaviourism for practice and training practitioners is made. How can we persuade students that science and philosophy are still relevant in a field that is generally concerned with clinical application?

26. One Kind of Thing in Terms of Another: Biological and Physical Metaphors for Habit

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

WILLIAM DAVID STAHLMAN (University of Mary Washington)

Abstract: The empirical study of habit—in which organismal behavior becomes relatively impervious to changes in the value of a reinforcer—has long been dominated by an associative-cognitive interpretation. When an animal's behavior is no longer sensitive to devaluation of a food item, for example, researchers have suggested that performance is automatically elicited via stimulus-response (S-R) associations. This is in contrast to the, e.g., R-O associations formed early in training, in which the animal is said to be governed by expectations. Recent work (Stahlman & Leising, 2024) has suggested that this large subfield be reframed and aligned with evolutionary biology via a metaphorical extension of the concept of Waddingtonian canalization. It has not escaped our notice, however, that a perhaps-apt physical metaphor within behavior analysis already exists: that of Nevin's behavioral momentum. I present a positive case for the biological metaphor. It may be able to do much of what the physical metaphor does, but retains focus on the three levels of selection that forms the core of a radical behavioral interpretation.

27. Predicting Developmental Trajectories of Self-Injurious Behavior From Parent-Child Interactions Among Young Boys With Developmental Delays

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

BREANNE JUNE BYIERS (University of Minnesota), Jaclyn Gunderson (Mayo Clinic; University of Minnesota), Caroline Roberts (University of Minnesota), Adele F. Dimian (University of Minnesota), Frank J. Symons (University of Minnesota)

Abstract: Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is common in developmental disabilitie (DD). Dynamic systems theory (DST) posits that both structural features (e.g., entropy) and content (e.g., coerciveness) of systems can be used to predict change. DST analyses of parent-child interactions have been used in typically developing children, but not DD. Preliminary results include 18 dyads including boys aged 26 to 79 months with DD and their caregivers. Dyads provided 5-minute video recordings of unstructured play. Coding scheme based on the child development literature categorizes parent behaviors into three valences (positive, neutral, negative), and two categories (active/directing or passive/following) within each valence. Two parenting variables were examined: average duration of parental behaviors (predictability) and percent time engaged in positive directing. SIB was assessed using the Repetitive Behavior Scale – Early Childhood SIB subscale at study intake and 1 year follow-up. Both parenting variables interacted with SIB scores at Time 1 to predict SIB scores at Time 2. Dyads with low SIB scores at Time 1 had low SIB scores at Time 2, regardless of parent behavior. Shorter duration of parent behaviors and lower levels of positive control were associated with greater increases in SIB among dyads with higher SIB scores.

28. The Evidence Issue: A Discussion on the Concept of Scientific Evidence in Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

ANNA CAROLINA RAMOS (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina)

Abstract: Evidence-based practice (EBP) is usually defined as the individualized clinical decision-making process that occurs by integrating the best available evidence with clinical expertise in the context of the patient's characteristics. Notably, most literature discussing EBP and evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) has been around methodological issues in producing reliable scientific evidence, mostly overlooking theoretical matters. For instance, the APA guidelines for the EBPP in health state are established "regardless of theoretical orientation, clinical presentation, or treatment setting". Thus, this essay aims to discuss the concept of “scientific evidence” in EBPP in light of the pragmatic approach of Brown (2015), especially considering the need to include theoretical issues when evaluating psychological interventions. This approach has great correspondence with behavior analysis, in which empirical evidence from diverse methods has always been considered in light of its consistency with theoretical models. It seems this could be a good alternative to be applied more broadly to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of psychological interventions, including parameters of theoretical consistency within the field of psychology and also concerning theories and data from other natural and social sciences.

29. Aversive Epistemic Control in the Clinical Work: When Philosophical Assumptions and Scientific Rules Inhibit Effectiveness

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

MICHAEL C MAY (Louisiana Contextual Science Research Group; Mandala House, LLC), Emily Kennison Sandoz (University of Louisiana Lafayette), Matthew David Andersland (The University of Memphis), Janani Vaidya (National Louis University), Clinton Douglas Fuller (New England Center for OCA and Anxiety), Louisiana Contextual Science Research Group LCSRG (University of Louisiana at Lafayette)

Abstract: A primary aspect of any natural scientific system are the rules that specify relationships between their phenomena of interest and scientific activities (Skinner, 1953). Scientific activities may thus be conceptualized as a functional response class characterized by consistency with epistemic rules and the philosophical assumptions which undergird them. Among the epistemic rules dominant in the natural sciences of behavior are those which emphasize the necessity of abstracting distinct aspects of the behavioral event as the primary means of achieving analytic goals. For example, clinicians behaving under epistemic control identify discrete client behaviors for analysis, along with the contingencies that evoke, elicit, and reinforce target behaviors, with mixed effectiveness. Drawing from the philosophical tenets of Kantor’s Interbehaviorism (Kantor, 1924), and emphasizing the ongoing evolution of bidirectional functional relations, we propose a distinction that may have direct and practical implications for the clinician - clinical repertoires under aversive epistemic control vs. clinical repertoires under appetitive epistemic control. This distinction may aid the clinician-scientist in examining the utility (or lack of utility) of certain epistemic rules within clinical settings. epistemic control can often be observed in clinicians identifying discrete variables (e.g. Sds, EOs, R+, etc.) that evoke, elicit, and reinforce a client’s behavior (e.g. antecedents and consequences). Drawing from the philosophical tenets of Kantor’s Interbehaviorism (Kantor, 1924), and emphasizing the ongoing evolution of bidirectional functional relations, we propose an additional distinction that may have direct and practical implications for the clinician: the distinction between clinical repertoires under aversive epistemic control vs. clinical repertoires under appetitive epistemic control. This conceptual analysis may aid the clinician-scientist in examining the utility (or lack of utility) of certain epistemic rules within clinical settings.

30. Translating Mentalism: Mind as a Metaphor for Functional Relations

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

EMILY KENNISON SANDOZ (University of Louisiana Lafayette), Karen Kate Kellum (University of Mississippi), Matthew David Andersland (The University of Memphis), Michael C May (Louisiana Contextual Science Research Group; Mandala House, LLC), Louisiana Contextual Science Research Group LCSRG (Louisiana Contextual Science Research Group)

Abstract: Behaviorism is often contrasted with mentalism, which purports that behavior is attributable to the mind or “mental activity.” In this way, mentalism includes the attribution of behavior to constructs found within the person like personality, mood, diagnosis, will, or the Self (among others). Behaviorism, however, is distinct in viewing behavior in terms of context-behavior interactions. One conceptualization of context-behavior interactions is as functional relations, or relationships where participants convolve (i.e., co-evolve), bidirectionally, with neither serving as cause nor effect.This approach centers the functional relationship as the primary unit of analysis, with distinctions among individual factors secondary to further analytic purposes. The functional relationship is a powerful construct, honoring the complexity of our subject matter without foregoing an actionable foundation for analysis. One application of the construct of functional relationship might be as a referent for translating mentalism. We propose that treating the mind (along with personality, mood, the Self or other mentalist constructs) as a metaphor for functional relations could allow for improved discourse with non-behavioral communities, and effective integration of non-behavioral data and wisdom. Examples and challenges will be discussed.

31. The Devil Wears Prada Because He Lacks Free Will: Reframing the Assumption of Free Will in Modern Society Using a Radical Behaviorism Lens

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

ASUDE AYVACI (Brock University), Andreas Dimopoulos (Brock University), Emily Bulten (Brock University, Applied Disability Studies), Kieva S. Hranchuk (Brock University), sara tanasichuk (Brock University), Kristin Grant (Brock University)

Abstract: B.F. Skinner once remarked, “Freedom is an illusion, but a valuable one." This statement implies that the commonly held belief in our ability to make choices and exercise free will is unfounded. The notion of free will posits that individuals can make independent choices driven by internal mental processes preceding observable behavior (Baum, 2017; Johnston, 2014; Kane, 2016). This perspective aligns with the philosophy of mentalism, which attributes behavior to an inner agent and disregards the influence of external factors (Baum, 2017). The reliance on an unobservable inner agent, however, presents a challenge for empirical investigation, as it exists beyond the constraints of space and time, making it impervious to scientific inquiry. To address the ontological dilemma of free will, this paper advocates for a paradigm shift towards Skinner's radical behaviorism—an encompassing scientific approach to investigate choice–making (Skinner, 1971). Specifically, we aim to introduce the premise behind Skinner’s novel Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971) in the context of free will and explore how this theory holds true today across a variety of socially significant domains, including health, neuroscience, fashion, beauty, political and social freedom, and spirituality.

32. The Principles of Behavior are the Fundementals of Learning and Teaching: Experiences in Understanding Them Suggest Benefits to Deliberately Teaching and Applying Them Pre-k Through High School

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

RICHARD COOK (Applied Behavior Medicine Associates of Hershey)

Abstract: Many of the most fundamental principles of behavior are observed, and learned by children simply from daily life experiences. They can be deliberately taught easily simply by association with key concepts such as “Wait your turn!” “Say ‘Please!,’ ‘Thankyou!,’ and ‘You’re Welcome!,’ ” and “Raise your hand!” The day to day lives of school children Pre-k thru high school thus provide an outstanding bidirectional learning experience: day to day events can be used as examples to illustrate basic principles of behavior, just as basic principles of behavior can be used to help students understand, and modify, the behaviors of everyday life events. Such fundamental concepts as behavioral momentum, successive approximations, shaping, and graduated guidance, as well as increasing/decreasing the likelihood of emission of a targeted behavior. The omnipresent classroom token economies provide the ideal fundamental platform, already understood from arcade and homelife experiences, to illustrate bidirectional, fundamental relationships between those day to day events experienced and their related principles of behavior. Imagine children making those associations from the start of their formal classroom educational experience, and incorporating those relationships into the algorithms used by their neural networks, to automatically apply the principles of behavior to understand events and then shape the overt and mental behaviors emitted in response. Imagine college students entering psych 101 having a behavioral/physiologic/neuroscience informed framework already established as the skeleton, with which the rest of psychological principles must be reconciled to be attached.

33. Putting Augmentals to the Test in the Workplace

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

CHELSEA DAVIS (Maia Autisme), Jean-Louis Monestès (Centre Hospitalier Ph. Pinel), Ruth Anne Rehfeldt (The Chicago School)

Abstract: Relational Frame Theory (RFT) provides us with a promising set of processes for understanding complex human behavior. For example, RFT provides a functional account of rule-following that could further our aim to more precisely predict and influence behavior. However, research on rule-governed behaviors is extremely limited. For this reason, it is difficult to determine the extent to which these concepts (pliance, tracking, augmental) allow for a more precise functional analysis of behavior, and whether they have applicative utility. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the usefulness and workability of the concept of augmentals. We will test the influence of augmentals, built upon individual values, on the quality of special educators’ interactions with their students with autism. A two-arm delayed multiple-baseline design will be utilized to test the differential effects of an augmental intervention when placed in coordination to the workplace compared to without coordination framing. Addi- tionally, the effects of augmental prompting will be tested on immediate behavior changes and their maintenance.

34. The Importance of Scientific Philosophy and an Analysis of Universalism

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

CHANGZHI WU (University of Nevada, Reno), Linda J. Parrott Hayes (University of Nevada, Reno)

Abstract: Kantor (1958, p. 64) proposed that science, embedded within a cultural matrix alongside various other cultural institutions, necessitates careful discernment from scientists to distinguish it from extraneous cultural influences. In order to do so, Kantor (1958, p. 64) advocated for the development of a hierarchical philosophical framework for science, incorporating cultural matrices on the bottom level, the logic of science (protopostulates), metasystems (metapostulates), and specific scientific systems (postulates) at the very top, all aimed at safeguarding science against the sway of cultural biases. Despite the extensive framework and guidance provided by Kantor, contemporary psychology continues to struggle with the enduring impact of universalism, impeding its progression. This poster endeavors to explore the pervasive presence of universalism within modern psychology and its adverse ramifications on the field's evolution and development. By shedding light on this issue, it aims to stimulate discourse and prompt initiatives aimed at mitigating the detrimental effects of universalism on the advancement of psychology.

35. The Concept of Repertoire in Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

OSMAR AARON LOPEZ MEDINA (University of Nevada, Reno), Matthew Lewon (University of Nevada, Reno)

Abstract: Radical behaviorism (RB) was developed by B. F. Skinner and presented as an alternative to other behavioristic philosophies. From this perspective, genetic endowment, contingencies to which individuals are exposed in the present, and individual histories all contribute to behavior. Despite the contributions of RB, some have noted internal inconsistencies regarding certain conceptual/philosophical issues. In About Behaviorism (1974), Skinner invokes the concept of a behavioral repertoire on multiple occasions. As Skinner himself noted, the incorporation of nonscientific terms into a science of behavior is fraught with potential problems because nonscientific verbal communities may not maintain contingencies that bring the use of terms under sufficient contextual control of specific things/events to be useful in scientific work. Additionally, scientists themselves may not use terms consistently (i.e., they become polysemic). The purpose of this presentation is to evaluate Skinner’s consistency in the use of the term repertoire. To achieve this, we will 1) present five different ways in which the term was used by Skinner, 2) consider whether it is polysemic/inconsistently used in nontechnical or dualistic ways, and 3) propose an alternative definition that avoids reification, circular reasoning, and other problems associated with nontechnical terms.

36. The Empirical, Conceptual, and Ethical Case for Retiring Prize-Based Contingency Management

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

ROSEMARIE DAVIDSON (Western Michigan University), Jade Astin (Western Michigan University), Anthony DeFulio (Western Michigan University)

Abstract: Over 100 controlled trials demonstrate the effectiveness of contingency management (CM) as a treatment for substance use disorders. CM involves delivering incentives (e.g., money or prizes) contingent on negative drug tests. Two critical implementation challenges are the cost of incentives and post-intervention maintenance of treatment effects. Prize-based CM was designed to address these challenges. In prize-based CM, patients earn draws from a ‘fishbowl’ contingent upon negative drug toxicology tests. Prizes typically range from a piece of paper that says, “good job!” to a $100 valued prize, with probability of winning the various prizes inversely correlated to value. Prize-based CM is generally effective, but has important shortcomings. First, the random schedule produces idiosyncratic results based on the obtained value of the prizes. Further, prize-based CM does not improve results during or after treatment when compared to non-probabilistic CM approaches. In absence of any clear benefit of prize-based CM, its idiosyncratic effects and its relative procedural and logistical complexity suggest that non-probabilistic approaches such as voucher-based reinforcement therapy should be preferred. Further, the limited available evidence suggests that cash is more effective than prizes. Thus, we recommend that clinics adopting CM for the first time should universally favor non-probabilistic cash-based CM procedures.

37. Understanding Resurgence with a Matching-Based Multiscale Evolutionary Framework

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

KYLEIGH MONTAGUE (University of Florida), Christopher A. Podlesnik (University of Florida), William M. Baum (University of California, Davis)

Abstract: Resurgence is an increase in previously extinguished target behavior (B1) resulting from the worsening of conditions for more recently reinforced alternative behavior (B2). Worsening includes extinction or reductions in rate, amount, and immediacy of delivery of food, or some other phylogenetically important event (PIE). By incorporating Laws of Allocation, Induction, and Covariance, we apply an evolutionary framework to understanding resurgence that necessarily adopts a multiscale molar perspective to capture process and function of extended patterns of behavior. Based on a matching framework, patterns of behavior depend on relative value (V) of available activities. When B2 conditions worsen, discriminating the removal or reduction of PIEs from B2 decreases the value of that activity (V2) compared with other activities. Decreases in V2 induces not only a resurgence of operant activity previously covarying with the PIE (B1) but a constellation of ontogenetic and phylogenetic activities both related (B0) and unrelated (BN) to the PIE. This framework accounts for well-established findings within the resurgence literature (different B2-food rates, on/off contingencies), and provides a novel account of activities that emerge other than those receiving explicit training (B1, B2). Future research within this framework could provide a more complete understanding of resurgence and behavior more generally.

38. Evolution of Contingency Management Research: Assessing the Scientific Lineage of Contemporary Investigators

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

JADE ASTIN (Western Michigan University), Rosemarie Davidson (Western Michigan University), Anthony DeFulio (Western Michigan University)

Abstract: Contingency Management (CM) is a potent operant procedure which uses reinforcement to modify behavior across diverse domains, from substance abuse disorders to medication adherence and exercise regimens. During its developmental phase, CM owes much of its progress to dedicated behavior analysts such as Drs. Stephen Higgins, Maxine Stitzer, and Kenneth Silverman whose pioneering research laid the groundwork for its multifaceted application. However, the past decade has witnessed a surge in CM's popularity, particularly in substance use disorder treatment, attracting a new cohort of researchers comprising medical doctors and clinical psychologists. This influx of scientists, albeit promising, raises concerns regarding the fidelity of CM's delivery and outcomes. This concern is based on the possibility that these new researchers may lack behavior analytic training and expertise that could prove critical in intervention design and optimization. Therefore, this poster will explore the scientific lineage of CM investigators over time, shedding light on the qualifications and expertise of the historical and contemporary scientific communities engaged in CM research. Through this assessment, we seek to discern the trajectory of CM research and whether and to what extent it remains grounded in the operant tradition.

39. Private Events, Mentalism, and Reality in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): An Evaluation of Behaviorism Among Professional Behavior Analysts

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

SHANICE WELLINGTON (The Chicago School; National Therapy Center), Andrea Jones (The Chicago School), Jana Murgia (The Chicago School; Little Leaves), James Allen Chastain (The Chicago School)

Abstract: The science of behavior analysis, including Applied Behavior Analysis and the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, along with the professional practice of behavior analysis, are guided by the philosophical foundations of Behaviorism. Various subdomains of Behaviorism, however, have differing perspectives on private events. This poster presents a preliminary survey of the recent literature representing various perspectives on private events, mentalism, and the nature of reality under the scientific philosophy of Behaviorism. We identify multiple competing and complimentary philosophical perspectives related to these critical aspects of Behaviorism and highlight specific statements from the literature which exemplify these differing philosophical positions. We then compare these statements and present a preliminary assessment of the current state along with some perspectives of the future state of the field of professional behavior analysis with regard to philosophical perspectives around private events, mentalism, and the nature of reality in theory, Applied Behavior Analysis and Experimental Analysis of Behavior research, and professional practice.

40. Pragmatism, Truth, and Reality in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): An Evaluation of Behaviorism Among Professional Behavior Analysts

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

JANA MURGIA (The Chicago School; Little Leaves Behavioral Services), Shanice Wellington (The Chicago School; National Therapy Center), Andrea Jones (The Chicago School), James Allen Chastain (The Chicago School)

Abstract: The field of Behavior Analysis is generally considered to be constituted by four domains: the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Applied Behavior Analysis, professional practice, and theory and philosophy. This poster presents a preliminary evaluation of the philosophical foundations of behaviorism including competing views and different perspectives within the field regarding topics such as pragmatism, reality, and truth criterion and how they have guided behavior analytic practice and research. We then identify key statements and descriptions from various philosophical perspectives related to pragmatism, reality, and truth criterion. We use these statements to highlight foundational understanding of these perspectives toward evaluating current philosophical leanings of certified behavior analysts working in professional practice. We then present a preliminary survey of the current perspectives of practitioners in the field of behavior analysis regarding pragmatism, reality, and truth criterion. We include discussion of how these views may influence professional activities within practice and research settings.

41. Relational Framing and Interbehaviorism: Considerations for a Field-Based Approach to the ROE-M

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

ABRAÃO FIGUEIRA DE MELO (University of Nevada, Reno), Linda J. Parrott Hayes (University of Nevada, Reno)

Abstract: Recent developments in relational frame theory (RFT) have been discussed as non-linear interactions between contextual cues that foster stimulus functions of relating, orienting, and evoking under particular motivational circumstances in derived relational responding. Researchers have proposed a unit to describe these effects: the ROE-M. Due to the non-linear character of the ROE-M, proponents have described this unit as a field of interactions, akin to the construct of the interbehavioral event-field. Interbehaviorism is a philosophy of science that emphasizes a non-causal, non-linear approach to the analysis of events, accepting no external or internal determiners. A psychological event consists of stimulus–response functions, setting factors, interbehavioral history, and the medium of contact. Because interbehaviorism holds non-causal assumptions, to explain a psychological event is strictly to describe all factors participating in a given behavior segment. Since field-based constructs are not common in behavior analysis, the purpose of the present poster is to address the possibilities of integrating interbehavioral constructs into RFT. Particularly, our discussion on the ROE-M concerns mixing constructs across distinct philosophical approaches to science, the adequacy of the event-field construct employed, and the differential use of constructs in the interpretive (theoretical, conceptual) and investigative (experimental) domains of behavior analysis.

42. Conceptual Approximations Between Cultural Behavioral Analysis and Interpretive Anthropology

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

MIGUEL ABDALA MACIEL (University of Nevada, Reno), Ramona Houmanfar (University of Nevada, Reno)

Abstract: Definitions of culture vary according to the area of anthropology, one of these fields is Symbolic Anthropology (SA). Behavior Analysis (BA) was also dedicated to the study of this concept, proposing definitions since 1953. In this sense, the objective of this study was to carry out a conceptual review on the concept culture in SB and in BA. The author applied the Conceptual Text Interpretation Procedure (CTIP) in “The Interpretation of Cultures’’ to list categories with approximations with Behavior Analysis. They were: 1) culture; 2) symbols; 3) methodology; and 4) science. The first is described how culture is defined. Second describes how symbols are explained. Third is about data collection. fourth is how they understand science. Culture in SA is similar to the behaviorist notions of culture as an environmental variable. The characterization of symbols was like the concept of stimulus equivalence. The interpretive method can be correlated with functional analysis. Finally, science was highlighted as a possible method to be applied in the study of culture. The analysis found that the behaviorist strand can contribute with methodological refinements to study the behavior of individuals in groups, and anthropology contributes with refined theoretical approach about concepts to study culture.

43. Extending the Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics to Discrimination Learning

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

MARC J. LANOVAZ (Université de Montréal)

Abstract: Researchers have shown that the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics may accurately model a wide range of behavior including the responding of rats under concurrent schedules and engagement in self-injury in individuals with development disability. That said, the design of the current algorithm limits its application mainly to conditions wherein the availability of reinforcement is not signaled (i.e., no discriminative stimulus). An important next step is to extend the algorithm so that the artificial organism may learn to discriminate environmental conditions. The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of manipulating the genetic algorithm to produce discriminated responding across artificial organisms under a random-interval (RI) 20-tick schedule. The results showed that manipulating the algorithm led the artificial organisms to respond in a manner indicative of discrimination. Specifically, overall responding was higher when the availability of reinforcement remained unsignaled. However, the artificial organisms contacted the contingencies more frequently and more rapidly when the availability of reinforcement was signaled. Albeit promising, researchers should compare our results with those of different living organisms to identify the parameters that best fit their responding during multiple schedules.

44. A Behavioral Economics Approach to Modeling HIV Vaccine Acceptance in High-Risk Groups

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

Promise Tewogbola (Southern Illinois University Carbondale), ERIC A. JACOBS (Southern Illinois University Carbondale)

Abstract: HIV remains a significant health concern, particularly among marginalized population subgroups in the US. Notably, in 2019, HIV was identified as the 9th and 10th leading cause of death for individuals aged 25-34 and 35-44, respectively (National Center for Health Statistics, 2019). The present study utilized simulated markets to model the potential acceptance of HIV vaccines among at-risk populations. Experiment 1 assessed the influence of vaccine characteristics (perceived dosage and administration mode) on vaccine demand, revealing a higher preference for mucosal administration and a single-dose regimen. Experiment 2 investigated the impact of bundling HIV vaccines with complementary health commodities, finding that eye examinations and mental health counseling were among the health commodities that most effectively boosted demand. Additionally, the research explored the influence of personal and interpersonal factors on vaccine acceptance. These insights aim to inform public health interventions and policy formulation for HIV vaccines, anticipating their global availability and adoption.

45. Integrating Behavioral Economic Theory and Molar Behaviorism to Understand LGBTQ+ Alcohol Use Disparities

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

CASSANDRA O'HARA (University of Florida), Jesse Dallery (University of Florida)

Abstract: Behavioral economic approaches guided by a molar framework can enhance our understanding of substance use disorders. By accounting for contextual variables beyond sensitivity to price, we can gather critical evidence for treating substance use disorders for specified populations. For example, the LGBTQ+ population experiences health disparities which cannot be fully understood or addressed without considering past and present histories of the population as a whole and as individuals. Through the presentation of experimental data, we illustrate the utility of this integrated approach in understanding alcohol consumption patterns in the context of two variables: drinking for coping reasons (e.g., to forget your worries) or enhancement reasons (e.g., you like the feeling). Specifically, we compared the impact of coping and enhancement motives on alcohol demand between LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+ people, and we examined the relationship(s) between demand measures, ranked drinking motives, and microaggression experiences. Results of this research informs targeted treatment strategies, emphasizing the importance of considering the influence of molar contexts on patterns of alcohol use in LGBTQ+ people.

46. Effects of Sanction Source and Frequency on Common-Pool Resource Use and Sustainability

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

JACQUELYN SPENCE (Southern Illinois University), Eric A. Jacobs (Southern Illinois University Carbondale)

Abstract: Understanding the dynamics of common-pool resource governance is crucial for sustainable management of shared resources. One operation to encourage sustainable use of a common pool resources is to punish overextraction with sanctions. Participants engaged in a series of common-pool resource games to investigate the effects of sanctioning frequency and source on overextraction. Frequency of sanctioning for overextraction was manipulated over three levels (low, moderate, and high frequency) where the sanctions were mediated either by another player (second party) or a non-player (third party). A control condition was utilized to establish baseline extraction behavior in the absence of sanctions. Sanctions significantly enhanced common-pool resource sustainability, with no significant difference between second- and third-party sanctioning. Third-party sanctioning, however, promoted lower rates of overextraction than second-party sanctioning. High frequency sanctioning decreased overextraction most in second-party sanctioning conditions, whereas participants exposed to low frequency sanctioning were least likely to overextract during an absence of sanctions. These findings highlight the importance of considering both sanction source and frequency in designing effective common-pool resource governance strategies. Despite similar overall sustainability outcomes, significant differences exist in the extent of resource overextraction between second- and third-party sanctioning systems, underscoring the nuanced effects of different governance mechanisms.

47. Towards a Behavioristic Analysis of Expectation and Surprise

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

NICHOLAS L VITALE (University of Nevada, Reno), Matthew Lewon (University of Nevada, Reno)

Abstract: The concepts of expectation and surprise have long factored into psychological systems. Currently, related constructs such as “expectancy” play a prominent role in associative learning theory accounts of conditioning phenomena. However, relatively little conceptual or empirical attention has been paid to these concepts from a behavior analytic perspective, likely due to their perceived incompatibility with a thoroughgoing behavioristic position. Given the importance placed on these concepts in the theory and empirical work of other scientists studying conditioning, consideration of these constructs from a behavioristic perspective seems warranted. Therefore, the current poster will review differences in how the concepts of expectation and surprise are treated in both associative learning theory and behavior analytic theory, as well as the empirical and conceptual implications of these differences. A discussion of how these concepts might be conceptualized from a behavioristic perspective will be presented, along with selected experimental phenomena from the literature and how they might be interpreted from this perspective.

49. Autoclitic and Relational Frames: A Linguistic-Informed Behavioral Interpretation

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

ROBERT DLOUHY (Western Michigan University)

Abstract: It is fair to say that most twentieth-century linguists concentrated on the topography of verbal responses (i.e., syntax and morphology) rather than doing functional analyses of them. On the other hand, under the influence of Skinner, behavior analysts have favored molar over molecular functional analyses of the response products of verbal operants. The two fields had differences concerns, the linguists taxonomy and rules, and the behavior analysts what conditions affect verbal behavior. This poster will shed light on syntactic phenomena of interest to linguists such as parts of speech, response sequences, relations between components. In this poster, relational autoclitic of orders will be interpreted as evoking response sequences in such a way that specific relations are evoked among the responses. Furthermore, it will be proposed that relational autoclitic frame of orders evoke both classes of response configurations, such as preposition phrases, and relational responses, which play a large part in distinguishing relational autoclitic of order types.

50. Selection as a Threat to Internal Validity in Single-Case Comparison Designs for Skill Acquisition

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

ANNA INGEBORG PETURSDOTTIR (University of Nevada, Reno), Abraão Figueira de Melo (University of Nevada, Reno)

Abstract: In single-case experiments, threats to internal validity are thought of as variables, other than the independent variable, that may produce changes in behavior over time. These extraneous variables (e.g., history, maturation) must be controlled at the level of experimental design to permit identifying functional relations between independent and dependent variables. In between-participant experiments, selection threatens internal validity when groups exposed to different conditions are unequal due to non-random assignment or accidents of randomization. Although this particular threat is non-applicable to single-case designs, a parallel selection threat exists in single-case comparison designs for skill acquisition, related to the equality of instructional targets assigned to different conditions. We argue that regardless of the logical steps taken ahead of time to equate sets of targets, the interaction of selection with pre-experimental histories or uncontrolled circumstances of training is an unavoidable threat to the internal validity of a single comparison, and even multiple comparisons. To illustrate, we present sample data from an experiment in which we used an adapted alternating-treatments design to compare acquisition of two sets of conditional discriminations under identical training conditions, after taking extensive precautions to equate stimulus sets. We make recommendations for strengthening the design of comparative skill acquisition studies.

51. Bidirectional Naming: Is Direct Reinforcement Needed in the First Place?

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

ANNA INGEBORG PETURSDOTTIR (University of Nevada, Reno)

Abstract: Bidirectional naming is demonstrated when mutually entailed speaker and listener relations emerge without direct reinforcement. Several behavior-analytic theories have offered explanations of bidirectional naming, conceptualizing it as a higher-order operant (naming hypothesis), relational operant (relational frame theory), or developmental cusp (verbal behavior development theory) that arises through early child-caregiver interactions. Consistent with Skinner (1957), these theories assume that prior to the development of bidirectional naming, direct reinforcement is necessary to establish control by nonverbal stimuli over vocal behavior and control by vocally produced stimuli over listening. But is this really the case? This poster discusses the possibility that stimulus correlations, in the absence of direct reinforcement, may produce stimulus control consistent with bidirectional naming in infants. Evidence to this effect is reviewed, and gaps in the literature identified. Data on sensory preconditioning and higher-order conditioning are briefly reviewed to examine if conditioning of perceptual stimulus functions could adequately account for emergent stimulus control over listener and speaker behavior in infancy, and if so, which innate behavior such an account would need to assume. Finally, the relevance of the previously mentioned theories to the development of operant functions and instructional control is emphasized.

52. Shaping a Culture of Scientific Integrity

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

MATTHEW C. BELL (Santa Clara University)

Abstract: Political interference in science (think Sharpiegate) is one factor leading to the 2023 release of the Scientific Integrity Policy by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. That policy defines scientific integrity as “the adherence to professional practices, ethical behavior, and the principles of honesty, objectivity, and transparency when conducting, managing, using the results of, and communicating about science and scientific activities. Inclusivity and protection from inappropriate influence are hallmarks of scientific integrity.” One key recommendation in that document is the promotion of a “culture of scientific integrity.” What does it mean to promote a culture of scientific integrity? A behavioral analysis of culture and culture change can provide a practical and constructive path to affecting positive change. As a prerequisite, analysis of critical features is necessary, including identifying the constellation of behaviors constituting scientific integrity as well as the environmental factors likely to encourage integrity and discourage research misconduct. Relatedly, behavior analysis offers a number of frames for thinking about culture. Although Skinner (1984) defined culture as “the contingencies of social reinforcement maintained by a group” (p. 221), others have offered additional perspectives and/or considerations (see, e.g., Mattaini, 2006; Pierce, 1991; Todorov, 2009; Zilio, 2019) requiring evaluation.

53. Application of an Open-Source Implementation of the Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics to Concurrent Schedules

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

RYAN HIGGINBOTHAM (University of Florida), Jesse Dallery (University of Florida)

Abstract: The Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics (ETBD) is a complexity theory that can account for a wide range of behavioral phenomena. The theory relies on computational modeling using simple rules based on Darwinian natural selection (i.e. selection, recombination, and mutation) to animate artificial organisms whose behavior can be compared to live organisms’ behavior. The present study showcases an open-source version of the theory written in the Python programming language. We replicated the findings of McDowell et al. (2008) who investigated artificial organisms' responding on concurrent schedules of reinforcement. The artificial organisms' responding was well described by the power function matching equation. Additionally, the parameters of the equation aligned with the expected results based on experiments conducted with live organisms. This work replicates previous experiments that used a version of the theory implemented in VB.NET; however, this version has the advantage of being open-source and available on GitHub. This allows for greater flexibility in the types of experiments that can be conducted and makes modifications to the theory more accessible.

54. The Discriminative Stimulus: Points of Consilience and Departure across Definitions

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

DANIEL ECHEVARRÍA ESCALANTE (University of Nevada, Reno), Matthew Lewon (University of Nevada, Reno)

Abstract: The discriminative stimulus (SD) has been a central construct in behavior analysis since early formulations of the operant paradigm, proving to be a useful technical term to guide research and interventions. However, several definitions of the construct have been proposed throughout the years. While most of them share common features, some found disagreements suggest a lack of conceptual clarity in defining the construct. The present work analyzes those points of consilience and departure through four dimensions. In the first place, the contingency relations between the SD and the operant response and the consequence are not always described in the same way. Secondly, although all definitions describe discrimination as a dual process, some disagreements exist concerning the nature of the contingency of one process versus the other (e.g., availability of a contingency vs. non-availability of a contingency; availability of one reinforcement schedule vs. availability of another reinforcement schedule, etc.). Thirdly, some definitions define the SD as a part of a procedure, while others also describe the process through which an object/event acquires discriminative functions and its outcome. Finally, some authors suggest that operant and Pavlovian discrimination can be understood as similar processes, while others remark on their differences.

55. Organizing Cooperative Groups Toward Sustainability with Discounting Tasks

Area: PCH; Domain: Theory

MICHAEL PASSAGE (Montana State University Billings), Katie Nicholson (Florida Institute of Technology), Mary Llinas (University of South Florida), Krystin Hussain (Advanced Therapy Clinic), Adriana Balsells Hernandez (Montana State University Billings)

Abstract: Discounting measures like delay, probabilistic, social, and environmental discounting may enhance behavior change research and practice by identifying critically relevant features of pro-sustainable behaviors (Hirsh et al., 2015). Specifically, the present study aims to provide initial evidence for how findings from social and environmental discounting tasks can be used to organize groups that are more likely to cooperate toward a sustainable cause. In the current study, participants completed a demographic questionnaire, an environmental discounting task (Belisle et al., 2020), and a social discounting task (Jones & Rachlin, 2006). Next, participants willing to restrict utility usage and give money to others in close social proximity participated in a group task to evaluate responding under metacontingency conditions. Findings from this study suggest that discounting assessments like those used in this study may increase the probability of cooperating. Therefore, these findings may empower future researchers and practitioners to use these practical tools to promote sustainable cooperation.

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Event Detail

2024 Theory and Philosophy Conference

Program by Day for Monday, October 28, 2024