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| #257 Poster Session – CBM |
| Sunday, May 30, 2004 |
| 4:30 PM–5:20 PM |
| Exhibit Hall D (Hynes) |
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| 36. The Use of Behavioral Techniques to Re-establish Walking of an Adult with Moderate Mental Retardation |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| ELIZABETH DELPIZZO-CHENG (Devereux Whitlock Center), Tracy Holden (Devereux Whitlock Center) |
| Abstract: The poster presents a functional assessment and behavioral intervention plan for an adult with Moderate Mental Retardation who could walk but refused, and instead crawled on the floor on hands and knees. Descriptive assessment information and direct observational data were collected using review of records, descriptive interviews, an Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence (A-B-C) sequence analysis, a Scatterplot Analysis, and direct observational data. An intervention plan based on assessment that consisted of a behavioral chaining strategy which included direct instruction, prompting strategies, and edible reinforcement was used, along with extinction to facilitate appropriate ambulation within the natural environment. Direct observational data in the form of percentage of distance for appropriate walking for baseline, intervention, and maintenance phases for two routes are presented. Results indicate walking behavior was re-established, and maintained at follow-up. Reliability observations were conducted using trained observers. Participants of this poster session will view the methodology and results of the assessment and behavioral intervention procedures. Additionally, data concerning social validity of the behavioral intervention will be presented. The discussion section will focus on the practical aspects of the assessment and intervention in a campus-based residential treatment program for adults with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities. |
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| 37. Nutrition Education for Persons With Disabilities |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| JADA A. MILLER (Western Michigan University), R. Wayne Fuqua (Western Michigan University) |
| Abstract: This study employed a Pre post-test with a delayed intervention control group quasi-experimental design to assess the effects of a modified nutrition education curriculum in persons with disabilities. Young adults with disabilities ranging from Emotional Impairment, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Prater Willy, Down Syndrome, etc. participated in a study that targeted food selection and food consumption behaviors related to health and nutrition. The study also measured participant knowledge of important nutritional information. Pre and post measures consisted of participants completing a written test assessing nutritional knowledge; two menu simulations and daily food log completions. Menu selections were given a rating from a scale of 0-2, 0 being unhealthy, 1 moderately healthy and 2 healthy. Food consumption documented by daily food log data was measured using a composite scoring system developed by Dennison and Dennison (2001.Experimental participants took part in a 3-week long modified nutrition education curriculum. The curriculum used overhead lectures, guided notes and both group and independent applied daily activities to teach participants important nutritional information needed to engage in healthy eating practices, including food selection and consumption, utilizing the USDA Food Guide Pyramid as a basis for the curriculum. |
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| 38. Errorless Procedure for Teaching T-Ball Batting |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| CHRISSY R. PELIKOSKI (St. Cloud State University), Eric Rudrud (St. Cloud State University) |
| Abstract: Children with autism need to acquire appropriate skills to participate in community recreation/leisure activities. A child with autism was taught to correctly hit a T-Ball using an errorless learning paradigm that incorporated the systematic fading of size of the ball to be hit. During baseline the subject was unable to hit the T-Ball from the tee. The subject was then provided with a large beach ball and achieved 100% accuracy in hitting. The size of the ball was gradually faded and the subject was able to successfully hit a regular size T-Ball from the tee. |
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| 39. Outcome Measures of Children Diagnosed with Autism Receiving Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Feeding Disorders |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| JAMES H. BOSCOE (Kennedy Krieger Institute), Peter Girolami (Kennedy Krieger Institute), Charles S. Gulotta (Kennedy Krieger Institute), Jennifer E. Dawson (Kennedy Krieger Institute), Ping Wang (Kennedy Krieger Institute) |
| Abstract: The Kennedy Krieger Institute's Pediatric Feeding Disorders Program has offered inpatient, day treatment, and outpatient services for over 15 years. The medical and behavioral diagnoses of these children have varied widely, from children with mealtime behavior resulting from behavioral mismanagement, to children whose food refusal is associated with multiple physiological disorders. Children diagnosed with autism often present fewer medical complication but higher rates / intensity of refusal behavior. Admission goals for behavioral interventions have included (but not limited to) increasing food consumption, decreasing food selectivity by texture or type, decreasing liquid dependence, and decreasing mealtime inappropriate behaviors. In addition, admission goals often include targeting the collateral effects of behavioral interventions such as weight gain and decreased gastrostomy tube. The purpose of this study is to describe the outcomes of a four-year sample (N=14) of children diagnosed with autism receiving intensive behavioral treatment for feeding disorders. Outcomes examined include, goals met, mealtime behavior, parent training, parent satisfaction ratings, and follow-up. Implications for the treatment of food refusal with children with autism and overall quality of life issues are also discussed. |
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| 40. Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior as Treatment for Trichotillomania |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| PHILIP L. CONCORS (Devereux Foundation), Karen Ciasca (Devereux Foundation) |
| Abstract: The effect of differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) on the occurrence of hair-pulling by a thirteen-year old student diagnosed with Trichotillomania and Asperger's Disorder was evaluated. Functional behavioral assessment results (conducted in the public school setting) suggested that hair-pulling was sensitive to automatic reinforcement (sensory-stimulation). Six incompatible behaviors (e.g. squeezing a ball, rolling marbles in-hand) were identified as appropriate for use in a classroom setting (minimizing distraction from learning and social stigmatization) through interviewing the participant, classroom teachers, and instructional assistant. Daily preference assessments identified one incompatible response to be targeted each day for the DRI using a variable interval schedule of reinforcer delivery. Reliability measures were collected for 30% of direct observations. Initial results of a multiple baseline design across settings (classes) indicate a data trend in the desired direction. Implications for practitioners in the areas of school-based consultation and clinical psychology are discussed. |
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| 41. Behavior Analysis Intervention during the Rehabilitation of an Adolescent with Prader-Willi Syndrome and Life-Threatening Obesity |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| NATALIE VONA-MESSERSMITH (Kennedy Krieger Institute), Keith J. Slifer (Kennedy Krieger Institute), Jo Anne B. Gorski (Blythedale Children's Hospital), Rebecca O. Currier (Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children), Valerie Pulbrook (Kennedy Krieger Institute) |
| Abstract: Prader-Willi Syndrome is a disorder characterized by hyperphagia typically leading to obesity and related health problems. Individuals with Prader-Willi often exhibit severe tantrums making them difficult to manage in the home. To control their food intake and weight, many individuals with Prader-Willi are placed in specialized treatment centers, but often fail to show generalization to untreated settings. Data will be presented on the 15-year-old female with Prader-Willi Syndrome hospitalized for rehabilitation from life-threatening obesity and associated medical problems. She had a history of obstructive sleep apnea severe tantrums, non-compliance with caregiver instructions and dietary restrictions. Behavioral interventions were implemented to increase compliance with rehabilitation and weight-loss protocols. Antecedent management included a carefully controlled diet, use of a daily schedule and systematic presentation of demands. Differential reinforcement of appropriate behavior and social extinction of disruptive behavior were implemented by interdisciplinary staff. Compliance with respiratory assistance for sleep apnea was increased using task analysis and systematic desensitization. Caregivers were trained using verbal and written instruction, modeling, role-play, behavioral rehearsal and collective feedback. Results show clinically important medical and behavioral improvements including weight loss, decreased frequency of tantrums and increased compliance. The medical and behavioral improvements were maintained after discharge to the home. |
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| 42. The Development of a Pediatric Behavioral Adjustment Scale for General Use in Pediatric Rehabilitation |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| ADRIANNA M. AMARI (Kennedy Krieger Institute), Keith J. Slifer (Kennedy Krieger Institute), Melissa H. Beck (Kennedy Krieger Institute), Ethan Benore (Kennedy Krieger Institute), Gina Wertalik (Kennedy Krieger Institute) |
| Abstract: In pediatric rehabilitation settings, patients with a wide range of medical conditions, mental health diagnoses, and presenting problems are seen by behavioral consultants. The Pediatric Behavioral Adjustment Scale (PBARS) is a new scale developed to objectively measure child affect and behavior during rehabilitation demands and therapies and to evaluate the effect of behavioral and medical interventions. Operationally defined responses combine to provide total positive and total negative scores. Illustrative data are presented on the application of the PBARS to evaluate the efficacy of various treatments (e.g., medication management, desensitization, antecedent management, escape extinction) among patients with diverse diagnoses and presenting problems (e.g., autism and needle phobia, traumatic brain injury and agitation, sleep apnea and noncompliance with respiratory support) .using various designs (e.g., changing criterion, AB, multiple baseline across settings). Data were collected by both trained behavioral staff and members of the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team (e.g., occupational therapists, nurse technicians) across settings (e.g., inpatient and outpatient therapies, medical procedures). These data demonstrate the utility of the PBARS as a widely applicable measure of child behavior, affect and intervention effects. Results will be discussed in regard to establishing the validity, reliability, and usefulness of this scale for clinical practice and research. |
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| 43. Treating Children With Thumb and Finger-Sucking using Habit Reversal and Parent Education Procedures |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| BLAKE NUNN (San Jose State University), R. Gregory Nunn (National University and San Diego City Schools) |
| Abstract: Thumb and fingersucking (thumbsucking hereafter) are probably the first habits identified by parents of young children. These problems have been shown to cause and aggravate dental and speech problems in addition to being aesthetically unappealing. Because approximately 4o% of children have these problems, a variety of interventions have been developed to treat them. The present study of 8 children evaluated the effectiveness of parents in treating their child’s thumbsucking, at home and school, using the Habit Reversal Treatment combined with basic child development and behaviorally-oriented parenting information. Using a multiple baseline, across subjects design, parents learned to record their child’s frequency of thumbsucking, to identify their beliefs regarding their child’s “need” for thumbsucking, and then learned how to independently treat their child's thumbsucking using the Habit Reversal Procedures. The Habit Reversal Treatment reduced thumbsucking by 80% and 90% at school and home, respectively, at the end of one week, 100% at school and home at one-month, and by 100% in both environments at the 8 and 12-month follow-up periods. Reliability of data recording between parents and teachers was assessed at pretreatment and at 1-week and one month after treatment began. In all cases, agreement was above 80% of the intervals observed. |
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| 44. Reducing of Latency or Increasing Obedience Behavior: What do the Parents Prefer? |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| MYRNA DIAZ GONZALEZ ROJAS (Estudios Superiores Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico), Zuleidy Mungia Noriega (Estudios Superiores Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico), Lizbeth Lopez Avila (Estudios Superiores Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico), Diana Moreno Rodriguez (Estudios Superiores Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico) |
| Abstract: The objective of present paper evaluate to effects of time out on obedience behavior. Participated two girls of 6 and 8 years that showed obedience problems. The study stared with defining of obedience behavior, experimenters and parents agreed name it as time that passed between the instruction emitted by child’s mother and to do such activity in other words the latency between instructions and to do activity, the instructions were washing teeth, take a shower and to do homework.. After the experimenters explained to parents as register the latency of such behavior for all instruction emitted for the mother or father for three days same as served of base line. Base line ended experimenters explained the techniques and concepts of time-out, reinforcement and the technique of token economy. In the second phase a tolerance time of 8 minutes was established, if the child doesn’t doing the instruction the child was took to an isolate place. The third phase introduced the techniques of token economy and time-out simultaneously, in which the tokens were contingent the number instructions followed by child, likewise the latency was decreased gradually. Finally, the fourth phase was named following because of there the time-out and the reinforcement were eliminated gradually. The result indicated that the time-out decreased latency approximately in 50% in both subjects, however when the technique of token economy was introduced the latency was reduced to 0%. This results are discussed in terms on implications for applied research. |
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| 45. Effects of Modeling of Dental Washing on Reduction of Levels of Endobacterian Plaque in Preschoolers |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| LESLIE ALEXANDRA LOJERO ESPINOSA (Estudios Superiores Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico), Cristina Jezabel Portillo Estrada (Estudios Superiores Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico), Brenda Karina Cordero Solis (Estudios Superiores Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico), Brenda Martinez (Estudios Superiores Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico), Diana Moreno Rodríguez (Estudios Superiores Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico) |
| Abstract: This study examined the effectiveness of modeling plus social reinforcement for reducing the levels of endobacterian plaque on teeth. Participated twelve child of kindergarten, to start the study each child was evaluated for determinate the levels of plaque in their teeth, in this case developer pills were used, which painted the child'teeth and permitted assign numeric values different (3-all the superface of teeth painted, 2-half of superface of teeth painted, 1-one third of superface painted and 0-the superface of tooth non painted), these values were used as Pretest. In the experimental condition one experimenter modeled very step of dental washing and the instructions for plaque removal (previous analysis task), and each step executed for the child was feedback and registered. In this phase all children were evaluated diary, and the low level of plaque were reinforced, although very day only some children received the modeling, this phase finished when all children showed almost the 80% of the sequence of steps correctly. In the Postest one more time the developer pills were used, and each child received a one chocolate medal. The results showed important reductions in the level of plaque in everyone of children, likewise the study demonstrated as the behavioral techniques are useful for training selfcare behaviors as the washing dental and need to have objective measures of behavior to observer, isn't sufficient to register occurrence or non occurrence of behavior, the level of plaque result a good measure. |
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| 46. Repeated Acquisition of Behavioral Chains: An Operant Method for Assessing Learning in Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| EMILY BRANDA (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), Marshall L. Dermer (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) |
| Abstract: This study investigated whether a repeated acquisition of behavioral chains task (CHAINS; Dermer & Dermer, 2000) was sensitive to adults diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) taking either their effective dose of Adderall or placebo. In this double-blind study, two women (aged 19 and 21) diagnosed with ADHD participated. These participants were alternately treated with Adderall or placebo 90 min before they used CHAINS. Over 19 days, participants completed CHAINS in a sound-attenuated booth. CHAINS was presented via computer and required learning sequences of numbers during two alternating components: performance and acquisition. During a performance component, the numerical keys and order remained constant throughout a session, and from session to session. During an acquisition component, the numerical keys and order remained constant throughout a session but changed from session to session. Results of this single-subject design indicate differentiation between Adderall and placebo. Both participants completed more net correct responses and had less relative errors during performance components after taking Adderall compared to placebo. These results indicate CHAINS being sensitive to adults with ADHD taking their effective dose of medication or placebo. Results are discussed in terms of using CHAINS as a method of assessing learning in people with ADHD. |
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| 47. Sleep Hygiene: An Overlooked but Powerful Establishing Operation Intervention |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| JASON T. CAVIN (The Learning Tree, Inc.), Jamie M. Logan (The Learning Tree, Inc.), Jerre R. Brimer (The Learning Tree, Inc.), Robert W. Montgomery (Reinforcement Unlimited LLC) |
| Abstract: Sleep hygiene is an often overlooked establishing operation intervention. The purpose of this presentation is to illustrate the effects of poor sleep hygiene on maladaptive behavior. Research suggests excessive daytime sleepiness plays a contributing role in the rates of maladaptive behaviors exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities, as well as individuals in the general population. An overview of sleep hygiene will be delivered, as well as our research findings, the use of sleep hygiene interventions with dually diagnosed individuals, current applications of behavioral sleep interventions, and trends in data. |
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| 48. Treating Speech Disorders in Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| MICHAEL DAVID WESOLOWSKI (Department of Children and Family Services), Arnie Zencius (Devereux Cleo Wallace) |
| Abstract: The participants in these investigations both incurred traumatic brain injuries within a year of this investigation. Through casual observation and formal speech evaluations, it was noted that the first participant had severely impaired word retrieval skills (i.e. anomia). Formal speech evaluations and observations noted that participant #2 had great difficulty verbally expressing himself (i.e. expressive aphasia).
Investigation #1 evaluated the effects of systematic response prompting on the frequency of correct verbal responses. Systematic response prompting consisted of providing phonic prompts and forced choice options while pairing these prompts with flashcards. Pictures of foods, places, and objects appeared on flashcards and were shown to the participant one at a time. A multiple basline design across verbal responses was used to demonstrate experimental control. Results demonstrated that systematic response prompting resulted in a great increase in correct verbal responding.
Investigation #2 evaluated the effects of stimulus flashcards on the frequency correct verbal responses. Orientation questions were presented verbally and in written format to the participant. Following this presentation, the primary trainer presented an additional 3 flashcards with 3 different responses to the orientation question. A multiple baseline design across verbal response was used to demonstrate experimental control. Results of this investigation demonstrated that the use of flashcards was effective in increasing the frequency of correct verbal responses to daily orientation questions. |
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| 49. Relations Between Analogue Parent Observations and Parent Ratings of Child Behavior |
| Area: CBM; Domain: Applied Research |
| STEPHEN D. A. HUPP (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville), David Reitman (Nova Southeastern University), Briana Lubin (Nova Southeastern University), Manuela Villa (Nova Southeastern University), Beth Zeldis (Nova Southeastern University) |
| Abstract: Roberts (2001) has suggested that existing direct observations are psychometrically underdeveloped and that most direct observation methods have limited or no data regarding convergent validity with questionnaires, test-retest reliability, normative information, and clinical utility. The Parent Instruction-Giving Game with Youngsters (PIGGY) was developed to provide a structured observations of parent-child interactions. Every 35 seconds, a tape-recorded voice instructs parents to give an instruction to the child using a picture of the task to be completed, so that parents are more likely to speak commands as they normally would. Data collected from 28 parent-child pairs in a Head Start population (children ages 3 to 5) indicated that the PIGGY is reliable (86 to 96% agreement), but also revealed that the PIGGY codes (r=.45) were more highly related to parent ratings of child behavior problems than observations derived from a clean-up task alone (r=.36). Moreover, in both tasks, observational variables concerned with overreactive parenting seemed to be most highly related to parent ratings of child behavior. Also related to ratings of child behavior problems were positively valenced affective codes such as parent laughter (-.37) and the praise (r=-.38). Child "smart talk" (r=.36) was also significantly related to parent ratings of child behavior. |
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